Compartment syndrome (painful swelling in a limb)

About Compartment syndrome (painful swelling in a limb)

Occurs in the extremities, with the lower leg being the most common site. Swelling in an enclosed space of a limb (called a compartment) causes increased pressure and decreased blood flow leading to damage to the tissues. This can result in the death of muscles and nerves. If left untreated, complete paralysis of the affected limb and/or gangrene can develop requiring amputation.

Symptoms

Pain that is out of proportion to the associated injury; numbness, weakness, swelling.

Tests & Diagnostics

A history and physical exam will be performed. Additional tests include: identification of any associated fractures, tests to determine whether circulation or nerve function has been compromised and measurement of the pressure in the compartment.

Common tests: Complete blood count (CBC), Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), X-ray.

Conventional treatment summary

Treatment needs to be provided emergently and consists of surgical opening of the compartment to relieve the pressure (fasciotomy).

Medical specialties

Orthopedic Surgery

This page is educational content, not medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment of Compartment syndrome (painful swelling in a limb).