Cannabis & Cannabinoids · Cannabinoids · Minor cannabinoid acid; the plant form of THCV; almost nothing is known about its effects
THCVA (Tetrahydrocannabivarinic Acid)
(6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-propyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene-2-carboxylic acid (C20H26O4; PubChem CID 59444416) · also called THCVA, delta-9-THCVA, THCVA-A, tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, cannabivarinic acid; the acid form of THCV
THCVA is a minor acid made by the cannabis plant. It is the acid form of THCV and has a three-carbon side chain, where THCA (the acid of THC) has five. Most papers that mention it are about measuring it. We found no study of THCVA in people and no animal study of the pure compound. What exists is a computer model, cell and enzyme work, and dish tests of whole cannabis extracts. No THCVA medicine is approved.
General information, not medical advice. Last substantive update · Not medically reviewed. A named clinician has not signed off on this page. How this page is made
About THCVA (Tetrahydrocannabivarinic Acid)
THCVA (tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid) is the acid form of THCV, made by the cannabis plant, with a three-carbon side chain. Almost nothing is known about what it does. There is no human trial and no study of the pure compound in animals. The evidence is a computer model, one cell and enzyme study, and dish tests of whole cannabis extracts. Most papers that mention it measure it in plants, products or blood. Its safety is unknown, which does not mean it is safe.
What THCVA is
THCVA (tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid) is a compound made by the cannabis plant. Its formula is C20H26O4. It is the acid form of THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin). The "A" and the extra carbon-oxygen group are the acid part. Like THCV, it has a short three-carbon side chain. Its sister acid THCA, which belongs to THC, has a five-carbon chain.
Plants make cannabinoids as acids first. In dried flower the acids are usually the larger share. In one air-dried hemp sample, about 20 parts THCVA were found for every 1 part THCV (by weight). A forensic paper calls THCVA the plant precursor of THCV. We did not find a study of how fast heat turns THCVA into THCV, so we give no rates.
THCVA has also been made from sugar in engineered baker's yeast, in a 2019 study.
What is known, and how little
No study has given THCVA to people for any purpose. We found no animal study of pure THCVA either. Searches of PubMed for THCVA and its full name found 23 records. Most are about measuring cannabinoids in plants, products or blood, and only a few say anything about what THCVA does.
That work is a computer model of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, cell and enzyme tests in which THCVA was one of 11 cannabinoids, and two dish studies of cannabis extracts against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. In the extract studies the result belongs to the whole mixture. One abstract says THCVA reduced bacterial growth by 74%, but it does not say clearly what was tested. None of this shows that THCVA treats or prevents anything, and we rate every use "insufficient".
We also looked for work on PPAR receptors and found none for THCVA, so we do not claim any. A smaller true page is better than guessing.
Where it turns up: plants, products and blood tests
Most THCVA papers are about measuring it. Labs include it in panels of 15 to 20 cannabinoids. In a forensic case, it was found in a man's blood serum, which the authors took as a sign of plant cannabis use, because it is not in the prescription THC medicine Marinol. Other forensic work found that medical and seized cannabis differ in their THCVA and THCA content.
Amounts change with storage. In a study of five cultivars, THCVA rose over 18 to 74 days while THCA fell. An Australian study of 127 street cannabis samples measured THCVA, but its abstract gives no number. In a Kentucky test of 80 hemp oils, THCVA was one of 15 minor cannabinoids sought and was not among the six most often found.
What the lab numbers show
Our data holds 17 laboratory measurements of THCVA in cannabis flower, one for each of 17 differently named strains. All come from one published dataset of greenhouse-grown plants. Each value is in percent w/w (percent of flower weight) and is the mean of two readings per plant, for 1 to 8 plants per name. We did not test anything ourselves. A strain name is only a label: the same name can have very different chemistry, and these are real results from specific samples.
Values run from 0.03 to 1.73, with a median of 0.07. Most names are below 0.2. The highest are Malawi x Super Skunk at 1.73 (one plant), Pot of Gold and Pot of Gold nr. 11 at 0.47 each (one and two plants) and Wappa at 0.26 (three plants). The lowest are C7 x Thai, GWS and SFV OG at 0.03 each. Of our strain profiles, Bubba Kush is 0.05 (three plants). With so few plants behind each number, one plant can move a result a lot.
Separately, a third-party strain library that we hold lists THCVA for 10 of its 1,248 strains. Its figures are source-reported, not batch certificates. Eight are in percent and run from 0.081 to 1.005: Long's Peak Blue 0.081, Cherry Chem 0.1, SFZ 0.114, WiFi Barz 0.17, Zweet Inzanity 0.28, Hawaiian Cookies 0.5 to 0.7, Turbulence 0.64 and Sour Patch Kiss 1.005. Two entries, Purple Tangie at 19.3 and Cookie Punch at 29.04, are far too high for a minor compound and may belong to another compound, so we do not use them. Because the two sources use different samples and methods, do not compare strain to strain.
In plain terms, most flower here holds very little THCVA and a few plant lines hold much more. These numbers say how much THCVA the flower held when it was tested. They say nothing about effects, and nothing about products that mention THCVA.
At a glance
Traditional uses history, not proof
- Cannabis has a long history of use as a whole plant. No traditional use of isolated THCVA is described in the sources read; this page covers only the compound.
Studied for research
- Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding (computer model only): insufficient
- Pain-related channels and the body's own cannabinoid system (cell and enzyme work): insufficient
- Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (dish tests of whole extracts): insufficient
- Human health uses: none studied
Main compounds
- THCV, the neutral form made when THCVA loses its acid group
- THCA and CBDA, the other common cannabinoid acids
- CBDVA, the acid of CBDV, another three-carbon-chain acid
Common forms
- Cannabis flower and hemp extracts, where it is a small part of the total
- Reference standards used by testing labs
- No product recommendation is made here
Research links: PubChem: tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid · PubMed: cannabinoids and cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid enzymes (2011) · PubMed: computer model of cannabinoids and cannabinoid acids at the 5-HT1A receptor (2026) · PubMed: complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids in yeast (2019) · PubMed: THCVA-A as a marker for illegal cannabis consumption (2012) · FDA: cannabis and CBD questions and answers (does not mention THCVA) · Research Library · Genes & Biomarkers Library
What it is and its history
- Name
- Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA; delta-9-THCVA, THCVA-A)
- Chemical name
- (6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-propyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene-2-carboxylic acid
- Other names
- Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid; Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid; Cannabivarinic acid; THCVA; delta1-Tetrahydrocannabivarolic acid; CAS 39986-26-0; PubChem CID 59444416
- Common names
- THCVA (English); Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (English); THCVA-A (English (spelling used in a 2012 forensic paper))
- Formula
- C20H26O4
- Molecular weight
- 330.4
- CAS number
- 39986-26-0
- PubChem ID
- 59444416
- Chemical class
- Phytocannabinoid acid, 'varin' type (a 20-carbon acid with a three-carbon propyl side chain; the acid form of THCV)
- How the plant makes it
- Yeast engineered with cannabis genes can make THCVA from sugar (Luo 2019, abstract). In the plant, the propyl side chain means it starts from a shorter-chain building block than THCA, which has a pentyl chain; we did not read a source on the plant route for this page, so that point is NOT verified here.
- Where it is found
- A minor acid in cannabis flower, usually a small share of the total. Measured in a CBD-rich hemp cultivar at about 0.3% of total cannabinoids, in the lab data we hold at 0.03 to 1.73 percent w/w in 17 named strains, and listed in a third-party strain library for 10 of 1,248 strains. It is analysed in many cannabis testing methods. See the 'What the lab numbers show' section.
- Related or similar compounds
- Name: THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid); Note: The acid form of THC, with a five-carbon side chain. THCVA is the three-carbon version. They are different molecules; mixing them up on a label would be an error.; Name: CBDVA (cannabidivarinic acid); Note: The acid of CBDV, also a three-carbon-chain cannabinoid; found alongside THCVA in some propyl-chain-rich plants.
Traditional use and history history, not clinical proof
| Tradition or era | Documented use | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | A cell and enzyme study tested THCVA, among 11 pure cannabinoids and plant extracts, on pain-related channels and endocannabinoid enzymes. | p21175579 |
| 2012 | A forensic case report proposed THCVA-A as an extra marker of plant cannabis use, because it is not in the prescription THC medicine Marinol. No reference material was on the market at the time. | p21454026 |
| 2019 | Researchers reported making THCVA and four other cannabinoid acids in engineered yeast from sugar. | p30814733 |
| 2021 | Forensic studies added THCVA to panels of 16 to 18 cannabinoids measured in cannabis, medicines and serum. | p33839545 |
| 2024 to 2026 | Measured in storage, drying, street cannabis and hemp-extract studies; a 2026 computer model of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor included it. | p39013926 |
History shows how a substance was used or discovered. It does not show that a product works or is safe today.
What is inside, and how it may work
What it contains and how those compounds act in cells and animals. Laboratory and animal mechanisms are not proven effects in people.
Main compounds
| Compound | Family | Where it is concentrated | Activity studied | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin) PubChem 93147 | Phytocannabinoid | Not read in the sources THCV:THCVA about 1:20 by weight in one air-dried hemp sample | The neutral form after the acid group (COOH) is lost. A forensic paper calls THCVA-A the plant precursor of THCV. See the THCV page for what is known about THCV itself. 16 10 4 | Laboratory study |
| THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) | Phytocannabinoid acid | Not read in the sources 4.8% of total cannabinoids in the same air-dried hemp sample versus 0.3% for THCVA | The five-carbon sister acid. In the 2024 storage study THCA fell while THCVA rose. 4 7 | Laboratory study |
| CBDVA (cannabidivarinic acid) | Phytocannabinoid acid | Not read in the sources Not read | A three-carbon-chain acid found with THCVA in a propyl-chain-rich Chinese line. 9 | Laboratory study |
Mechanisms, receptors and pathways
| Target or pathway | Gene or receptor | What was found | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor | 5-HT1A (HTR1A) | Computer docking and simulation only: THCVA, CBDA and THCV preferentially bound an allosteric (side) site and kept the receptor active when a full agonist sat at the main site. Nothing measured. 18 | In silico |
| Anandamide uptake and endocannabinoid enzymes | DAGL-alpha, FAAH, MAGL, NAAA; anandamide cellular uptake | A THCVA-rich plant extract inhibited anandamide cellular uptake in rat cells. The abstract says the acids as a group inhibited DAGL-alpha but does not make clear that THCVA is in that group. No THCVA-specific numbers. 2 | Lab |
| TRP channels | TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPM8, TRPA1 | THCVA was tested; the abstract names other compounds (CBD, CBG, CBGV, THCV, extracts of THCV) as active and gives no THCVA result. 2 | Lab |
| CB1 and CB2 receptors | CNR1, CNR2 | No source read for this page reports THCVA binding to CB1 or CB2. This is an unknown, not a finding of no effect. | Gap |
Absorption, metabolism and elimination
- Absorption
- No human absorption data for THCVA were found.
- Distribution
- Not studied. THCVA has been detected in human serum after plant cannabis use in a forensic case, without amounts in the abstract.
- Metabolism
- Not studied. In plant material the acid group is lost over time to give THCV; one air-dried sample had about 20 parts THCVA to 1 part THCV by weight. Rates of heat conversion (decarboxylation) for THCVA were not found, so we state none.
- Elimination
- Not studied.
- Bioavailability
- Not reported.
Isolated compounds versus whole extracts
Almost every result in the abstracts comes from a whole plant extract or a measurement of flower, not from pure THCVA. No study of pure THCVA given to animals or people was found.
Nutritional composition
THCVA is not a nutrient and has no nutritional claim. Not legal advice.
3 not enough evidence
What was looked at
The 3 benefits and uses checked for THCVA (Tetrahydrocannabivarinic Acid), each with how strong the evidence is. Tap one to open it.
- Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor (computer model only)Not enough evidence
- Pain-related channels and the body's own cannabinoid system (cell and enzyme work)Not enough evidence
- Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (dish experiments with cannabis extracts)Not enough evidence
Lab markers tracked in the studies
Anandamide uptake into cellsStaphylococcus aureus growth in a dish
What is THCVA (Tetrahydrocannabivarinic Acid) good for?
The uses people may ask about and how strong the evidence is for each. None is an approved use, none has been studied in people, and every row is computer, cell or dish work.
Benefits, one by one
Each card is a research question, not a promise. Tap a goal to filter. Open a card to see the studies, doses and limits.
Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor (computer model only)
Not enough evidenceA 2026 computer simulation predicted that THCVA can sit at a side site of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and keep it switched on when its usual trigger is present. No cell, animal or person was tested.
1 studiesNot applicable (simulation).
Studies, doses and limits
Results
In the simulations THCVA preferentially bound at the allosteric site of 5-HT1A and kept the receptor in its active state when a full agonist was bound at the main site.
Effect sizes as reported
No measurements; simulation only.
Why this rating
A computer model, with no lab test, animal or human study behind it.
Limits
Docking and simulation results can be wrong; they must be tested in cells and animals first.
Why researchers looked
Earlier work on a related acid, CBDA, suggested the acid forms might act on the serotonin system; the authors modelled how the acids might do this.
Traditional use
No traditional use of isolated THCVA is described in the sources read.
Proposed mechanism In silico
In the model, THCVA (like CBDA and THCV) bound at an allosteric site, a side site that changes how the main site works. This is a prediction from a simulation, not a measured effect.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Nothing about safety. See the Safety tab.
Pain-related channels and the body's own cannabinoid system (cell and enzyme work)
Not enough evidenceIn a 2011 cell study THCVA was one of 11 cannabinoids tested on pain-related channels and on enzymes of the body's own cannabinoid system. The abstract gives few THCVA-specific results: a THCVA-rich plant extract reduced uptake of anandamide, the body's own cannabinoid, in cells.
1 studiesPure compounds and plant extracts in a dish; not amounts for people.
Studies, doses and limits
Results
A THCVA-rich extract (not pure THCVA) inhibited anandamide uptake in rat cells, and was more potent than the pure CBC, CBG and CBD that did the same. The abstract does not give the numbers.
Effect sizes as reported
No THCVA numbers in the abstract.
Why this rating
Cell and enzyme work with a plant extract; no animal or human data for THCVA.
Form and dose studied
Pure compounds and plant extracts in a dish; not amounts for people.
Who was studied
Cells and tissue from rats and humans in a dish.
Limits
A plant extract holds many compounds, so an extract result cannot be assigned to THCVA alone. Only the abstract was read.
Why researchers looked
The authors wanted to know which cannabinoids touch TRP channels (involved in pain and heat sensing) and enzymes that break down the body's own cannabinoids. They say the results are relevant to the pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids and cannabis extracts; that is their framing, not a finding in people.
Traditional use
No traditional use of isolated THCVA is described in the sources read.
Proposed mechanism Laboratory research
Tests in cells and enzyme preparations. A THCVA-rich extract inhibited anandamide cellular uptake; the abstract says the acids as a group inhibited the enzyme DAGL-alpha but names THCA, CBDA and CBGA, so it is unclear whether THCVA is included.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Nothing about safety. See the Safety tab.
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (dish experiments with cannabis extracts)
Not enough evidenceIn two dish studies, cannabis extracts that were rich in THCVA slowed the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, including antibiotic-resistant strains. The results belong to the whole extracts; one abstract also says THCVA 'reduced bacterial growth by 74%' without saying clearly what was tested.
2 studiesPlant extracts in a dish; not amounts for people.
Studies, doses and limits
Results
A 2021 hexane extract high in CBDVA and THCVA had strong activity against S. aureus, including MRSA (MIC 39.06 micrograms per mL). A 2024 study of ethanol extracts found growth inhibition at 32 to 64 micrograms per mL, with THCA the most abundant cannabinoid; its abstract says THCVA reduced bacterial growth by 74%.
Effect sizes as reported
MIC 32 to 64 micrograms per mL (2024, extracts); 39.06 micrograms per mL (2021, extract); 74% growth reduction attributed to THCVA in the 2024 abstract.
Why this rating
Dish experiments with whole plant extracts; no pure-THCVA test is clearly described, and nothing in animals or people.
Form and dose studied
Plant extracts in a dish; not amounts for people.
Who was studied
Bacteria in a dish.
Limits
Extract results cannot be assigned to one compound. Dish results often fail in the body. Nothing here supports using a cannabis product on an infection.
Why researchers looked
Antibiotic resistance is a problem, and researchers look at plant extracts for new leads.
Traditional use
No traditional use of isolated THCVA is described in the sources read.
Proposed mechanism Laboratory research
Not studied. The extracts hold many compounds.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
A skin or other infection needs a doctor. See the Safety tab.
Connections to the rest of health
How THCVA (Tetrahydrocannabivarinic Acid) connects to the rest of our health knowledge graph. Every link says what kind of connection it is. A safety link (for example to the liver) is a warning, not a benefit. A study that merely mentions a topic never creates a benefit link.
Explore every connection: goals, body systems, organs, symptoms, genes
B. Body systems
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nervous System | Biological association | Not enough evidence | Studied for: Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor (computer model only) Studied for: Pain-related channels and the body's own cannabinoid system (cell and enzyme work) | 18 2 |
| Immune System | Biological association | Not enough evidence | Studied for: Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (dish experiments with cannabis extracts) | 9 8 |
C. Body parts and organs
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nervous system | Not enough evidence | Computer-model prediction at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor; THCVA-rich extract reduced anandamide uptake in rat cells. No animal or human study. Preparation or compound: THCVA in a computer model and THCVA-rich extract in cells |
18 2 |
I. Biomarkers
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anandamide uptake into cells | Biological association | Not enough evidence | Measured in trials: lowered (by a THCVA-rich extract, in a dish). A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 2 |
| Staphylococcus aureus growth in a dish | Biological association | Not enough evidence | Measured in trials: lowered (by extracts, in a dish). A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 9 8 |
J. Genes, receptors and enzymes
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTR1A (5-HT1A receptor) | Preliminary mechanism | In silico | Computer model only: THCVA predicted to bind a side site. | 18 |
L. Active compounds
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin) | Biological association | Laboratory study | The neutral form after the acid group (COOH) is lost. A forensic paper calls THCVA-A the plant precursor of THCV. See the THCV page for what is known about THCV itself. Preparation or compound: Not read in the sources |
16 10 4 |
| THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) | Biological association | Laboratory study | The five-carbon sister acid. In the 2024 storage study THCA fell while THCVA rose. Preparation or compound: Not read in the sources |
4 7 |
| CBDVA (cannabidivarinic acid) | Biological association | Laboratory study | A three-carbon-chain acid found with THCVA in a propyl-chain-rich Chinese line. Preparation or compound: Not read in the sources |
9 |
Each connection is stored with the ingredient, the connected record, the kind of connection, the evidence status, the supporting studies, the preparation or compound involved, and a review date (last reviewed October 25, 2026).
Evidence at a glance: what the research found for 3 outcomes
Each outcome below is one thing researchers measured. Certainty is how far the evidence can be trusted, not how well it works. The full studies are on the next tab.
The evidence
The research centre for THCVA (Tetrahydrocannabivarinic Acid). Every record here was checked against PubMed or the publisher's page; we never list a study we have not verified.
Evidence by outcome
Bars show how many studies we found for each outcome, not how well it works. People are added up across trials only (reviews are not added, to avoid double counting).
How we rate evidence
High certainty
Several well-run trials or reviews agree; further research is unlikely to change the picture much.
Moderate certainty
Good trials point the same way, but some doubt remains.
Low certainty
Small, short or inconsistent trials. The finding could change with better research.
Very low certainty
Very little or very weak human data. Treat as a possibility only.
Mixed findings
Trials or reviews disagree with each other.
Not enough evidence
Not enough human research to say either way.
Evidence against
Good research found no benefit, or found harm.
We take the reviewers' own risk-of-bias and GRADE statements where they exist, and otherwise judge from study size, design, consistency, directness and whether a product matches what is sold. Many publications do not make evidence high. Method note: We searched PubMed for THCVA and its full name, read the abstracts of the studies cited, read the FDA cannabis questions-and-answers page, a Congressional Research Service summary of the new US hemp definition and the UK Misuse of Drugs Act schedule, and checked compound identity in PubChem. Lab numbers come from published datasets we hold and are not our own testing.
Study library: every study we checked 18
| Study | Design | People | Product, dose, length | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Congressional Research Service 2026 Changes to the Statutory Definition of Hemp and Implications for Agricultural Policy (CRS In Focus IF13136), updated September 28, 2026 CRS In Focus · Source |
Authoritative guidance n/a |
n/a | n/a |
Read in full on 2026-10-25 (three pages). Says a change to the federal hemp definition (P.L. 119-37) limits final hemp-derived cannabinoid products to 0.4 milligrams per container of total THC and other cannabinoids with similar effects, and that the effective date for portions of the definition has been delayed until December 11, 2026. A text search found no mention of THCVA, THCV or 'varin'. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: How the US federal definition of hemp is changing Limitations: A short summary of the law as CRS describes it; the statute itself was not read. Not legal advice. Read: full-text |
| De Petrocellis L et al. 2011 Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. Br J Pharmacol · PMID 21175579 · DOI |
Laboratory research in vitro |
Transfected cells, rat brain tissue and enzyme preparations | 11 pure cannabinoids, including THCVA, and botanical extracts (BDS) rich in a chosen cannabinoid, including a THCVA-rich extract Pure compounds and plant extracts (in a dish) |
THCVA was one of the compounds tested. The abstract says CBDV and all the acids inhibited DAGL-alpha; it names CBDA, CBGA and THCA as the acids and lists THCVA separately, so whether that statement covers THCVA is not clear from the abstract. It also says a THCVA-rich plant extract, along with extracts rich in CBGV, CBDA and THCA, inhibited anandamide uptake, and that these extracts were more potent than the pure compounds listed (CBC, CBG, CBD). The abstract gives no THCVA-specific numbers. No THCVA-specific numbers in the abstract. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPM8, TRPA1 channels; enzymes DAGL-alpha, FAAH, MAGL, NAAA; anandamide uptake in RBL-2H3 cells Limitations: Cell and enzyme work only. A plant extract holds many compounds, so an extract result cannot be assigned to THCVA alone. Funding and conflicts: Research support listed in PubMed as non-US government; funder and conflicts not read. Read: abstract |
| Johnson E et al. 2025 Minor Cannabinoid Profile of Unregulated Cannabidiol Products. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res · PMID 39478329 · DOI |
Product analysis plant |
80 80 over-the-counter hemp oil products from Kentucky, plus Epidiolex as a control |
LC-MS/MS of 15 minor cannabinoids, including THCVA and THCV Hemp-derived oils |
The most often found minor cannabinoids were CBDV (100% of products), CBG (77%), CBC (72%), CBN (67%), CBL (67%) and CBDA (51%); THCVA is not among those six. Amounts ranged from trace to several mg/mL. The authors say the amounts are largely absent from labels. The abstract gives no THCVA-specific figure. THCVA not among the six most often found. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Which minor cannabinoids are in CBD products and how much Limitations: Abstract does not say how many products held THCVA. Funding and conflicts: Research support (US government, NIH) listed in PubMed. Read: abstract |
| Kim ES et al. 2024 Comparison of decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts in Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine'. Sci Rep · PMID 39013926 · DOI |
Laboratory study plant |
One CBD-rich hemp cultivar ('Cherry Wine') | Contents of the plant's gland cavities and extracts of flower air-dried for 15 days in the dark at room temperature Flower and trichome contents |
In air-dried flower the acid cannabinoids were 84% CBDA, 4.8% THCA, 3.3% CBCA, 0.8% CBGA and 0.3% delta-9-THCVA. delta-9-THCV and delta-9-THCVA were detected only in the air-dried flower sample, not in the gland contents, and the THCV to THCVA ratio there was about 1 to 20 by weight. The authors report acid forms were 0.5% to 2.4% lower in the dried flower than in the gland contents. THCVA about 0.3% of total cannabinoids in this one sample; THCV:THCVA about 1:20. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Acid cannabinoids as a share of total cannabinoids; ratios of neutral to acid forms Limitations: One hemp cultivar, one drying condition; a CBD-type plant, so not typical of THC-rich flower. Not a study of heat or smoking. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| Lorenzetti V et al. 2025 Cannabis in the wild: Analysis of street cannabis and cannabinoid composition in Australia. Int J Drug Policy · PMID 40907061 · DOI |
Cross sectional plant |
127 37 participants donated 127 street cannabis samples in regional Australia |
HPLC of THC, CBD, CBG, CBC, CBN, THCV and their acids, including THCVA Street cannabis flower |
THCVA was one of the compounds measured. The abstract reports averages for THC (12.00% total THC) and CBD (0.30% total CBD) but gives no THCVA figure. No THCVA figure in the abstract. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Concentrations of cannabinoids in street cannabis Limitations: Describes what was in the samples only. Funding and conflicts: Research support (non-US government) listed; conflicts not read. Read: abstract |
| Luo X et al. 2019 Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast. Nature · PMID 30814733 · DOI |
Laboratory study yeast |
Engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) | Yeast engineered with cannabis genes, grown on galactose |
The authors report complete biosynthesis in yeast of five cannabinoid acids from the simple sugar galactose: CBGA, delta-9-THCA, CBDA, delta-9-THCVA and CBDVA. Feeding different fatty acids to the yeast gave analogue compounds with changes in the part of the molecule that affects receptor binding. Production in yeast shown; yield figures not in the part of the abstract read. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Whether yeast can make cannabinoid acids from sugar Limitations: Shows a route to make the compound in the lab; it says nothing about effects in people. Only the abstract was read. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| MacLaughlin LL et al. 2024 Is nitrogen-modified atmosphere packaging a tool for retention of volatile terpenes and cannabinoids in stored Cannabis sativa inflorescence? J Cannabis Res · PMID 39707520 · DOI |
Laboratory study plant |
Five cannabis chemovars, stored 18, 46 or 74 days | Stored flower in air or nitrogen packaging; 17 cannabinoids by UPLC-UV Flower |
Total cannabinoids did not change with time or packaging. The abstract says delta-9-THC, CBG, CBNA, CBC, THCV and THCVA all increased during storage while THCA decreased. THCVA rose during storage (no numbers in the abstract). Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Cannabinoid and terpene content over storage time Limitations: Five chemovars; a storage study, not a health study. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| Malikova L et al. 2024 Anti-staphylococcal activity of soilless cultivated cannabis across the whole vegetation cycle under various nutritional treatments in relation to cannabinoid content. Sci Rep · PMID 38383569 · DOI |
Laboratory research in vitro |
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (antibiotic-resistant and sensitive strains) in a dish | Ethanol extracts of cannabis plant parts harvested through the growth cycle Plant extracts (in a dish) |
All extracts slowed S. aureus growth in a dish, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 32 to 64 micrograms per mL at the best harvest times (weeks 5 to 13). THCA was the most abundant cannabinoid. The abstract says THCVA, a THCA homolog, 'reduced bacterial growth by 74%'; it does not say whether this was pure THCVA or the THCVA content of the extracts. THCVA: 74% growth reduction (as worded in the abstract). Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Growth inhibition of S. aureus; cannabinoid content of the extracts by HPLC Limitations: A dish experiment with plant extracts; the abstract does not make clear what was tested for the 74% figure. Not a human result. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| Muscara C et al. 2021 Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of two standardized extracts from a new Chinese accession of non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. Phytother Res · PMID 33034400 · DOI |
Laboratory research in vitro |
Bacteria and yeast in a dish; cell-free antioxidant tests | Two hexane extracts of a low-THC Chinese cannabis line (THC under 0.2%) rich in propyl-chain cannabinoids Dried flowering tops, extracted (in a dish) |
One extract (CChHE1) was high in CBDVA and THCVA; the other in CBDV and THCV. Both extracts showed antioxidant activity and strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MIC 39.06 micrograms per mL, MBC 39.06 to 78.13). The result belongs to the whole extract, not to THCVA alone. MIC 39.06 micrograms per mL for the extracts. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Extract chemistry by GC-MS and LC-MS; antioxidant tests; antimicrobial tests (MIC and MBC) Limitations: Whole plant extracts with many compounds; no pure THCVA test in the abstract. Dish experiment. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| Radunz L et al. 2012 THCVA-A - a new additional marker for illegal cannabis consumption. Forensic Sci Int · PMID 21454026 · DOI |
Case report |
1 One man tested positive for THC at a roadside control |
Serum sample analysed by LC-MS/MS |
The authors say delta-9-THCVA-A and delta-9-THCA-A are plant precursors of THCV and THC and are not in medical THC formulations. Both were detected in the man's serum, which the authors say proved intake of plant-derived cannabis products. No reference material for THCVA-A was on the market, so they used an ethanol cannabis extract as the reference. THCVA-A detected in serum in the one case. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Whether THCA-A and THCVA-A can show plant cannabis use rather than the prescription THC medicine Marinol Limitations: One case; an old method with no standard sample. It shows the acid can be found in human serum after cannabis use but gives no amounts in the abstract and no information about effects. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| Scheunemann A et al. 2021 Identification of Potential Distinguishing Markers for the Use of Cannabis-Based Medicines or Street Cannabis in Serum Samples. Metabolites · PMID 34068332 · DOI |
Pilot study |
Serum from people using Sativex, Dronabinol or medical cannabis, compared with street cannabis users | Serum analysed for 18 cannabinoids, including THCVA |
THCVA was one of the 18 cannabinoids measured. The authors report that larger quantities of minor cannabinoids suggested use of cannabis, and that use of medical and street cannabis could not be told apart except for a CBD-rich strain. The abstract gives no THCVA-specific result. No THCVA-specific result in the abstract. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Which serum cannabinoid patterns separate medicine use from street cannabis use Limitations: Pilot. Forensic markers, not health effects. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| Scheunemann A et al. 2021 Extensive phytocannabinoid profiles of seized cannabis and cannabis-based medicines - Identification of potential distinguishing markers. Forensic Sci Int · PMID 33839545 · DOI |
Laboratory study plant |
Seized cannabis, medical cannabis, Sativex and Dronabinol samples | 16 phytocannabinoids, including THCVA, measured by LC-MS/MS Plant material and medicines |
Sixteen cannabinoids were measured. The authors say several medical marihuana varieties differed significantly from seized cannabis mostly in their contents of THCA-A and THCVA (and CBDA and CBDVA, respectively). The abstract gives no THCVA numbers. No THCVA numbers in the abstract. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Cannabinoid profiles and possible markers that tell medicines from street cannabis Limitations: A chemistry and forensic study; says nothing about health effects. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| Scheunemann A et al. 2021 Simultaneous quantification of 18 different phytocannabinoids in serum using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. J Chromatogr B · PMID 33882447 · DOI |
Method validation |
55 55 forensic serum samples |
LC-MS/MS method covering THC, CBD, their acids (including THCVA) and others |
A method for 18 cannabinoids in serum, including THCVA, was validated. Limits of detection across all analytes ran from 0.0004 to 1 ng/mL. It was used on 55 forensic serum samples. The abstract gives no THCVA-specific result. Limits of detection 0.0004 to 1 ng/mL (all analytes). Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Method accuracy and sensitivity Limitations: A laboratory method paper. It shows that THCVA can be measured, not what it does. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
| UK Parliament / legislation.gov.uk 2026 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Schedule 2 (legislation.gov.uk) legislation.gov.uk · Source |
Authoritative guidance n/a |
n/a | n/a |
Read on 2026-10-25. Schedule 2 lists 'Cannabinol', 'Cannabinol derivatives' and 'Cannabis and cannabis resin'. The Act defines cannabinol derivatives, except where contained in cannabis or cannabis resin, as tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or of its tetrahydro derivatives. A text search found no 'varin' wording; THCVA is not named. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: UK listing of cannabinol and cannabinol derivatives Limitations: The page does not say whether THCVA, the acid, falls inside the definition. Not legal advice. Read: full-text |
| US Food and Drug Administration 2024 FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD): Questions and Answers FDA website · Source |
Authoritative guidance n/a |
n/a | n/a |
Read in full on 2026-10-25 (page says content current as of 07/16/2024). It says the FDA has not approved a marketing application for cannabis for any disease or condition, and has approved one cannabis-derived and three cannabis-related prescription drug products. It says no cannabis product other than Epidiolex, Marinol and Syndros has been approved as safe and effective for any patient group, adults or children. On pregnancy it says the FDA is aware of potential adverse health effects of cannabis products containing THC in pregnant or lactating women and cites ACOG advice to stop cannabis use in pregnancy and that there are insufficient data on effects in breastfed infants. A text search found no mention of THCVA or tetrahydrocannabivarin. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: US regulator statements on approved products and on children, pregnancy and breastfeeding Limitations: A general page on cannabis and CBD; later changes were not checked. Read: full-text |
| US National Library of Medicine 2026 PubChem compound record: Tetrahydrocannabivarin (CID 93147) PubChem · Source |
Reference database n/a |
n/a | n/a |
Retrieved through the PubChem REST API on 2026-10-25: title Tetrahydrocannabivarin, formula C19H26O2. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Chemical identity of the neutral form Limitations: A database record, not a study. Read: full-text |
| US National Library of Medicine 2026 PubChem compound record: Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (CID 59444416) PubChem · Source |
Reference database n/a |
n/a | n/a |
Retrieved through the PubChem REST API on 2026-10-25: title Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, formula C20H26O4, molecular weight 330.4, IUPAC name (6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-propyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene-2-carboxylic acid, InChIKey IQSYWEWTWDEVNO-ZIAGYGMSSA-N. The synonym list includes CAS 39986-26-0, 'Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid' and 'Cannabivarinic acid'. A name search for 'tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid' returned only this CID. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Chemical identity Limitations: A database record, not a study. Read: full-text |
| Yap BK et al. 2026 In silico insights on the binding site and function of cannabinoids and cannabinoid acids on human 5-HT1A receptor. J Mol Graph Model · PMID 41056675 · DOI |
In silico in silico |
Computer model of the human 5-HT1A receptor | Computer docking and molecular dynamics of neutral and acidic cannabinoids, including THCVA |
In the simulations, the acid forms CBDA and THCVA, and THCV, preferentially bound at an allosteric site (a side site, not the main one) of 5-HT1A and kept the receptor in its active state when a full agonist sat at the main site. The authors say every cannabinoid, acid or neutral, is unique in its binding and function. Prediction only; no measurement. Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Where each cannabinoid sits on a model of the 5-HT1A (serotonin) receptor and whether it keeps the receptor active Limitations: A computer simulation. It did not test a living cell, animal or person, and nothing here shows that THCVA does this in the body. Funding and conflicts: No funder or conflict listed in the PubMed record. Read: abstract |
What we do not know yet
- What the evidence supports: nothing at moderate or high certainty. Every use is rated insufficient.
- No trial or case report of THCVA given to people, and no animal study of pure THCVA.
- No measured receptor binding for THCVA at CB1, CB2 or serotonin receptors; the serotonin finding is a computer prediction.
- No data on side effects, liver, interactions, driving, pregnancy, breastfeeding, children or older adults.
- No study on how fast THCVA turns into THCV with heat, and no test of whether products that mention THCVA match their labels.
How new research is added
New studies are found by a saved PubMed search and are placed in a review queue. A person reads each one before it changes any evidence rating or safety wording.
Lab markers
What changed in blood or saliva tests during trials. A changed number is not the same as feeling or being healthier, and we give no "normal ranges".
Other 2
Anandamide uptake into cells
Lowered (by a THCVA-rich extract, in a dish) in trials
How much of the body's own cannabinoid anandamide is taken up into cells in a dish; less uptake leaves more outside the cell.
Not enough evidenceResults and what it means
Why it was measured
A way to test whether a compound affects the body's own cannabinoid system.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
A lab result with an extract. It has no known meaning for people.
Safety implication
None stated.
| Study | Result | People | Product |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | A botanical extract rich in THCVA inhibited anandamide cellular uptake in RBL-2H3 cells. The abstract gives no numbers for THCVA. | RBL-2H3 rat cells | THCVA-rich plant extract (not pure THCVA) |
Staphylococcus aureus growth in a dish
Lowered (by extracts, in a dish) in trials
How much extract is needed to stop visible growth of the bacteria in a test tube (minimum inhibitory concentration).
Not enough evidenceResults and what it means
Why it was measured
A first screening step for possible antibacterial compounds.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
A screening result only; it does not mean the extract treats infections.
Safety implication
None stated.
| Study | Result | People | Product |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | A THCVA- and CBDVA-rich extract had an MIC of 39.06 micrograms per mL against S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains. | Bacterial strains in a dish | Hexane extract of a Chinese low-THC cannabis line |
| 8 | Ethanol extracts had MICs of 32 to 64 micrograms per mL; the abstract says THCVA reduced bacterial growth by 74%. | S. aureus strains in a dish | Ethanol extracts of cannabis plant parts |
Safety
What studies and official sources say about side effects, medicines and who should check first. Each point shows what kind of evidence it comes from.
Main points to know 3
- No human study of THCVA safety was found. Searches of PubMed found no trial, case report or safety study of THCVA given to people. Its safety, side effects, amounts that cause harm, liver effects and interactions are unknown. The only human data are forensic: the acid can be found in blood serum after plant cannabis use. Gap 10 11
- No approved medicine, and regulators do not name it. The FDA says it has not approved a marketing application for cannabis for any disease or condition, and has approved one cannabis-derived and three cannabis-related prescription drug products. THCVA is not named on the FDA page, the US Congressional Research Service hemp summary or the UK Misuse of Drugs Act schedule that we read. Authoritative guidance 15 1 14
- Where THCVA is found, THC may be too. THCVA is a plant acid found with other cannabinoids in cannabis. A product that holds it may also hold THC, and the risks of THC (impairment, anxiety, effects in pregnancy) then matter. In a CBD-rich sample, THCVA was a tiny share (about 0.3%) of the cannabinoids. See the THC page for the risks of THC. Authoritative guidance 4 15
Side effects 1
| Effect | How often | Severity and recovery | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| No side effects of THCVA itself have been reported This is a gap in the research, not a sign that THCVA is free of side effects. If a product also holds THC, the side effects of THC apply; see the THC page. | Not applicable: no human or animal study of THCVA exists | unknown Unknown | Gap |
Liver
No data on liver effects of THCVA in people or animals were found. We did not look for a LiverTox entry and did not check one.
How often. No rates are known.
Monitoring. No regulator guidance on liver tests for THCVA was found. Anyone with liver disease or on medicines that affect the liver should ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any cannabis product.
This is a safety connection. It is not evidence that THCVA (Tetrahydrocannabivarinic Acid) supports liver health.
Medicines and supplements 1
| With | Why it matters | Importance | Evidence | What to do |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medicines, alcohol, THC and CBD unknown | No interaction study of THCVA was found, and the enzymes that break it down were not named in any source read. | Unknown. | Gap Not enough evidence | Because nothing is known, ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any cannabis product with other medicines. Known interactions of CBD and THC are on their own pages and are not shown to apply to THCVA. |
Who should check first 4
| Situation | Advice | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy | No data on THCVA. The FDA says it is aware of potential adverse health effects of cannabis products containing THC in pregnant or lactating women and cites ACOG advice that people who are pregnant or planning pregnancy should be encouraged to stop cannabis use. Ask a doctor. | Authoritative guidance 15 |
| Breastfeeding | No data on THCVA in breast milk. The FDA page cites ACOG that there are insufficient data on effects of cannabis on breastfed infants. Talk to a doctor. | Authoritative guidance 15 |
| Children and teenagers | No data on THCVA. The FDA says that, apart from Epidiolex, Marinol and Syndros, no cannabis-containing or cannabis-derived product has been approved as safe and effective for any patient group, adult or pediatric. Keep all cannabis products away from children and ask a doctor. | Authoritative guidance 15 |
| Older adults, mental health conditions, driving | Not studied for THCVA. Whether THCVA itself affects thinking, mood or driving is unknown. If a product also holds THC, those risks apply; see the THC page. We did not read a source on these topics for this page. | Gap |
Overdose, product quality and regulators
Summary. No toxic amount is known for people or animals. No toxicity, genotoxicity or overdose study of THCVA was found.
Animal. No animal study of pure THCVA was found.
Overdose response. Not studied.
Genotoxicity. Not studied in the sources read.
THCVA is mostly measured, not sold on its own. A product's label seldom says how much of it is inside, and we found no test of whether THCVA claims on labels are correct.
Minor cannabinoids in 80 over-the-counter hemp oils (Kentucky). Minor cannabinoids were common and ranged from trace to several mg/mL. The authors say the amounts are largely absent from labels, leaving consumers uninformed. THCVA was one of 15 measured but is not among the six most often found, and the abstract gives no THCVA figure. 3
Storage changes the numbers. In a storage study of five chemovars, THCVA rose over 18 to 74 days while THCA fell, so the amount in a sample depends on its age and storage as well as the plant. 7
Accuracy of THCVA labels. No study testing whether products that name THCVA match their labels was found.
| Body | Action | Date |
|---|---|---|
| US Food and Drug Administration (United States) | Its cannabis Q&A page says the FDA has not approved a marketing application for cannabis for the treatment of any disease or condition, and has approved one cannabis-derived and three cannabis-related drug products, available only with a prescription. THCVA is not named; a text search of the page found no mention of THCVA or tetrahydrocannabivarin. source | 2026-10-25 |
| Congressional Research Service (US Congress) (United States) | Says a change to the federal hemp definition (P.L. 119-37) limits final hemp-derived cannabinoid products to 0.4 milligrams per container of total THC and other cannabinoids with similar effects, with the effective date for portions delayed until December 11, 2026. It does not name THCVA, so how THCVA products are treated is not stated. source | 2026-10-25 |
| UK Parliament (Misuse of Drugs Act 1971) (United Kingdom) | Schedule 2 lists 'Cannabinol', 'Cannabinol derivatives' and 'Cannabis and cannabis resin' in Class B, and defines cannabinol derivatives (outside cannabis and cannabis resin) as tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or its tetrahydro derivatives. THCVA is not named, and the page does not say whether the acid falls inside the definition. source | 2026-10-25 |
When to get medical help
- A child has swallowed any cannabis or hemp product, or an adult took far more than intended: call a poison center or emergency number (in the US, 1-800-222-1222).
- Very hard to wake, slow or shallow breathing, or confusion, especially after mixing with alcohol or sedating medicines: call emergency services.
- Rash, swelling of the face, lips or throat, or trouble breathing: possible allergic reaction. Get emergency care.
- Fast heartbeat, fainting, severe panic or seeing or hearing things that are not there after a product that may contain THC: get medical help.
- A skin or other infection that is spreading, painful or comes with fever needs a doctor, not a cannabis product.
Stop using the product and contact a clinician or emergency service. In the US, Poison Control is 1-800-222-1222.
General information only, not medical advice. Ask a clinician or pharmacist before use, especially with medicines, in pregnancy or with a health condition. See the Natural Remedy Safety guide.
Frequently asked questions
What is THCVA?
Is THCVA the same as THCV?
Is THCVA the same as THCA?
Does heat turn THCVA into THCV?
Does THCVA get you high?
We do not know. No study of THCVA in people was found, so nothing is known about its effects on mood or thinking. If a product also holds THC, THC can cause impairment.
Has THCVA been tested in people?
Does THCVA fight bacteria?
Does THCVA act on the serotonin system or the endocannabinoid system?
How common is THCVA in cannabis?
It is a small part of most flower. In our lab data, 17 named strains run from 0.03 to 1.73 percent w/w, median 0.07. A third-party strain library lists it for 10 of 1,248 strains. Strain names are labels, and the same name can have very different chemistry.
Is THCVA safe?
Its safety is unknown. No human or animal safety study was found. Cannabis products that hold it may also hold THC. Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any cannabis product.
Do products that mention THCVA contain what the label says?
We found no test of that. A test of 80 hemp oils found that minor cannabinoids are largely absent from labels. Only a certificate of analysis for the exact batch shows what is inside.
Explore by health goal
Editorial transparency
- Written by
- AlternativeMed editorial team. Research compiled with AI assistance, then checked against PubMed records.
- Medical review
- None. This page has not been reviewed by a physician or pharmacist.
- First published
- 2026-10-25
- Last substantive update
- 2026-10-25
- How we research
- We searched PubMed for THCVA and its full name, read the abstracts of the studies cited, read the FDA cannabis questions-and-answers page, a Congressional Research Service summary of the new US hemp definition and the UK Misuse of Drugs Act schedule, and checked compound identity in PubChem. Lab numbers come from published datasets we hold and are not our own testing.
- How we rate evidence
- See "How we rate evidence" in the Evidence tab.
- Independence
- No product is promoted on this page. No affiliate links are shown, and none will be added for THCVA. This page is information, not a recommendation to use any product.
Sources 18
Each source was opened and checked. Where we read only the abstract, it says so. The small numbers in the text point here.
- Congressional Research Service. Changes to the Statutory Definition of Hemp and Implications for Agricultural Policy (CRS In Focus IF13136), updated September 28, 2026. CRS In Focus. 2026. (full-text)
- De Petrocellis L et al.. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes.. Br J Pharmacol. 2011. PMID 21175579. DOI 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x. (abstract)
- Johnson E et al.. Minor Cannabinoid Profile of Unregulated Cannabidiol Products.. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2025. PMID 39478329. DOI 10.1089/can.2024.0058. (abstract)
- Kim ES et al.. Comparison of decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts in Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine'.. Sci Rep. 2024. PMID 39013926. DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-66420-3. (abstract)
- Lorenzetti V et al.. Cannabis in the wild: Analysis of street cannabis and cannabinoid composition in Australia.. Int J Drug Policy. 2025. PMID 40907061. DOI 10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104974. (abstract)
- Luo X et al.. Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast.. Nature. 2019. PMID 30814733. DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-0978-9. (abstract)
- MacLaughlin LL et al.. Is nitrogen-modified atmosphere packaging a tool for retention of volatile terpenes and cannabinoids in stored Cannabis sativa inflorescence?. J Cannabis Res. 2024. PMID 39707520. DOI 10.1186/s42238-024-00253-9. (abstract)
- Malikova L et al.. Anti-staphylococcal activity of soilless cultivated cannabis across the whole vegetation cycle under various nutritional treatments in relation to cannabinoid content.. Sci Rep. 2024. PMID 38383569. DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-54805-3. (abstract)
- Muscara C et al.. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of two standardized extracts from a new Chinese accession of non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L.. Phytother Res. 2021. PMID 33034400. DOI 10.1002/ptr.6891. (abstract)
- Radunz L et al.. THCVA-A - a new additional marker for illegal cannabis consumption.. Forensic Sci Int. 2012. PMID 21454026. DOI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.001. (abstract)
- Scheunemann A et al.. Identification of Potential Distinguishing Markers for the Use of Cannabis-Based Medicines or Street Cannabis in Serum Samples.. Metabolites. 2021. PMID 34068332. DOI 10.3390/metabo11050316. (abstract)
- Scheunemann A et al.. Extensive phytocannabinoid profiles of seized cannabis and cannabis-based medicines - Identification of potential distinguishing markers.. Forensic Sci Int. 2021. PMID 33839545. DOI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110773. (abstract)
- Scheunemann A et al.. Simultaneous quantification of 18 different phytocannabinoids in serum using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.. J Chromatogr B. 2021. PMID 33882447. DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122685. (abstract)
- UK Parliament / legislation.gov.uk. Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Schedule 2 (legislation.gov.uk). legislation.gov.uk. 2026. (full-text)
- US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD): Questions and Answers. FDA website. 2024. (full-text)
- US National Library of Medicine. PubChem compound record: Tetrahydrocannabivarin (CID 93147). PubChem. 2026. (full-text)
- US National Library of Medicine. PubChem compound record: Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (CID 59444416). PubChem. 2026. (full-text)
- Yap BK et al.. In silico insights on the binding site and function of cannabinoids and cannabinoid acids on human 5-HT1A receptor.. J Mol Graph Model. 2026. PMID 41056675. DOI 10.1016/j.jmgm.2025.109186. (abstract)
