Nutrients, Plant Compounds, What Research Shows & Safety.
Fruit is food first. Explore each fruit: what is in it (measured by USDA), what research in people has and has not found for health goals, a normal serving, and what to watch for with allergies, medicines and kidney conditions.
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Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium angustifolium
Vitamin KManganeseVitamin CFiber
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup (148 g)
What randomized trials and reviews found for blueberries and blueberry powder, mainly on blood vessel function, what they did not show, and food-safety notes.
Fragaria x ananassa, Rubus idaeus, Rubus fruticosus
Vitamin CManganeseFiber
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup of strawberries, halves (152 g)
What human studies found for strawberries, raspberries and blackberries as foods, with the form studied, the strength of the evidence and what is still unknown.
Ribes nigrum
Vitamin CManganeseCopper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup (112 g)
What blackcurrants contain (USDA values), what trials of the fruit, juice and extract found for blood vessels, thinking and exercise, and safety notes.
Morus alba
Vitamin CIron
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup (140 g)
What mulberries contain, what research says about eating them, how they differ from mulberry leaf products, and the safety points: allergy, medicines and storage.
Ribes uva-crispa
Vitamin CFiberCopper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup (150 g)
What gooseberries contain (USDA values), what research does and does not show, and how they differ from Indian gooseberry (amla) and cape gooseberry.
Vitis vinifera
CopperVitamin KManganese
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup (151 g)
What grapes contain (USDA values), what trials and large cohort studies found, and the safety notes: allergy, choking in young children, medicines and sugar.
Citrus spp.
Vitamin CFiberFolate
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, sections (180 g) of raw oranges
Oranges, orange juice and other citrus: what trials and cohort reviews found, why hesperidin supplement trials are a separate question, and grapefruit and medicines.
Citrus limon
Vitamin C
Normal serving (USDA): 1 fruit (2-1/8" dia) (58 g)
Lemons as a food: vitamin C and scurvy, what research says about colds and kidney stones, skin and tooth cautions, and how this differs from supplements.
Citrus x latifolia, Citrus aurantiifolia
Vitamin C
Normal serving (USDA): 1 fruit (2" dia) (67 g)
Limes as a food: USDA nutrition, vitamin C and scurvy, what the research does and does not show, and safety notes such as sun-sensitive skin reactions.
Citrus x sinensis
Vitamin CFiberFolate
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, sections (180 g)
Oranges as a food: vitamin C and scurvy, what research says about juice, colds and heart health, medicine and potassium cautions, and how this differs from supplements.
Citrus x paradisi
Vitamin CCopperVitamin A
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup sections, with juice (230 g)
Grapefruit nutrition from USDA, what studies found on weight, blood pressure and cancer risk, and the well-documented way it can change how some medicines work.
Citrus reticulata, Citrus unshiu
Vitamin CFiber
Normal serving (USDA): 1 medium (2-1/2 inch dia) (88 g)
Mandarins and tangerines as food: USDA nutrients, what research does and does not show for vitamin C and carotenoids, allergy and medicine notes, and safe handling.
Prunus cerasus
CopperVitamin CVitamin A
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, without pits (155 g)
What research found on tart cherries and tart cherry juice for sleep, gout and exercise recovery, with the form studied, strength of evidence, sugar and safety points.
Prunus avium
Vitamin CFiberCopper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, without pits (154 g)
What is in sweet cherries (USDA values), what research does and does not show for eating them, and the main safety points: allergy, pits, sugar and washing.
Prunus persica
CopperVitamin C
Normal serving (USDA): 1 medium (2-2/3" dia) (150 g)
What is in a peach (USDA values), what research does and does not show for eating peaches, and the main safety points: allergy, pits and washing.
Prunus persica var. nucipersica
Copper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 medium (2-1/2" dia) (142 g)
What is in a nectarine (USDA values), how it differs from a peach, what research does and does not show, and the main safety points such as allergy and washing.
Prunus armeniaca
Vitamin AVitamin CCopperFiber
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, sliced (165 g)
What apricots contain, what research says about eating them, and the real safety points: apricot kernels and cyanide, pollen-related allergy, and dried apricots.
Malus domestica
Fiber
Normal serving (USDA): 1 medium apple, 3 inch diameter (182 g)
What research shows about eating apples: fiber, blood fats, heart and diabetes studies, juice versus whole fruit, pollen allergy and food safety.
Pyrus communis
FiberCopper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 medium (178 g)
What the sources say about pears: fiber and nutrients from USDA, studies on diabetes risk and heart health, allergy and food-safety notes, and what is still unknown.
Persea americana
FiberCopperFolateVitamin KVitamin B6
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, sliced (146 g)
Avocado as a food: what small trials and reviews found on cholesterol, blood sugar and eye pigment, what they did not show, and latex-fruit allergy and warfarin cautions.
Musa x paradisiaca
Vitamin B6ManganeseVitamin CFiberCopper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 medium banana (7 to 7-7/8 in long), 118 g
What bananas contain (USDA values), what research does and does not show for potassium, gut and exercise, plus allergy and kidney safety notes.
Mangifera indica
Vitamin CCopperFolateVitamin B6
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup pieces (165 g)
What the research shows for mango, a tropical fruit rich in vitamin C, plus USDA nutrient values, skin and allergy cautions, sugar content and food safety.
Carica papaya
Vitamin CFolate
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, 1-inch pieces (145 g)
What papaya (Carica papaya) contains per USDA, what research shows for the fruit versus leaf or fermented products, and allergy, latex and food-safety notes.
Ananas comosus
Vitamin CManganeseCopperVitamin B6
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, chunks (165 g)
Pineapple nutrition from USDA data, what research says about the fruit and about bromelain, and plain safety notes on allergy, medicines and food safety.
Actinidia deliciosa
Vitamin CVitamin KCopperFiberVitamin E
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, sliced (180 g)
What kiwifruit contains (USDA values), what trials found for constipation, sleep and blood pressure, and the allergy and latex-fruit cautions to know.
Psidium guajava
Vitamin CCopperFiberFolatePotassium
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup (165 g)
What research shows for guava, a tropical fruit very rich in vitamin C and fiber, with USDA nutrient values, trial results, safety notes and food-safety tips.
Litchi chinensis
Vitamin CCopperVitamin B6
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup (190 g)
What the sources say about lychee, a juicy tropical fruit: vitamin C and copper, allergy, the link with low blood sugar in India, and what research does not show.
Passiflora edulis
FiberVitamin CCopperIronPotassium
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, pulp with seeds (236 g)
What passion fruit contains (USDA values), what research says about the pulp and the peel extract, and the real safety points: latex-related allergy and natural cyanide compounds.
Diospyros kaki
ManganeseFiberCopperVitamin AVitamin C
Normal serving (USDA): 1 fruit, 2-1/2 in diameter (168 g)
Persimmons (Diospyros kaki) as a food: USDA nutrients, what research does and does not show, and safety notes on tannin bezoars, warfarin, potassium and allergy.
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Vitamin B6Vitamin CPotassiumCopperMagnesium
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, sliced (165 g)
What jackfruit contains (USDA values), what research does and does not show, and the allergy, potassium and blood sugar points worth knowing.
Averrhoa carambola
Vitamin CCopperFiber
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, sliced (108 g)
What star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) contains per USDA, what research shows, and the serious nerve and kidney danger for people with kidney disease.
Cocos nucifera
ManganeseCopperFiberIron
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, shredded (80 g)
What the research shows for coconut meat, with USDA nutrient values, a clear look at its saturated fat, and short notes on coconut water, milk and oil, allergy and food safety.
Citrullus lanatus
Vitamin CCopper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, diced (152 g)
What the evidence says about watermelon as a food: nutrients, lycopene and citrulline, blood pressure and exercise studies, allergy and food-safety notes.
Cucumis melo
Vitamin CVitamin A
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, cubes (160 g)
What cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) contains by USDA data, what research does and does not show, and the food-safety and potassium points worth knowing.
Phoenix dactylifera
FiberCopperPotassiumManganeseMagnesium
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, chopped (147 g), Deglet Noor
Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) as a food: USDA nutrients, what trials found on digestion, blood sugar and late pregnancy, and safety notes on sugar, potassium and sulphites.
Ficus carica
Normal serving (USDA): 1 large fig, 2-1/2 inch diameter (64 g)
Figs (Ficus carica) as a food: USDA nutrients, what trials found on constipation, plus allergy, skin-sap and potassium notes, with weak evidence called out.
Vitis vinifera (dried)
Copper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 small box, 1.5 oz (43 g)
What raisins contain (USDA values), what studies found on blood sugar and blood pressure, and the safety notes: sugar, sulfites, potassium, teeth and dogs.
Olea europaea
Normal serving (USDA): 1 tbsp, ripe canned (8.4 g)
Table olives (Olea europaea) as a food: USDA nutrients, why brining makes them high in sodium, what research does and does not show, and safety notes.
Punica granatum
FiberVitamin KCopper
Normal serving (USDA): 0.5 cup arils (87 g)
Pomegranate fruit and juice: what meta-analyses of trials found on blood pressure and blood sugar, the thin evidence on memory, and cautions for people on medicines.
Prunus domestica
Vitamin CCopper
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, sliced (165 g)
What plums (Prunus domestica) and dried plums (prunes) contain, what trials show for bowel regularity and bones, and allergy, medicine and food-safety notes.
Prunus domestica (dried)
Vitamin KCopperFiberPotassiumManganese
Normal serving (USDA): 1 cup, pitted (174 g)
What prunes (dried plums) contain, what trials show for constipation and bone density, and the sugar, potassium, vitamin K and bowel-comfort points to know.
No fruit matches all of these filters. Try removing one. Some topics (for example most herbs) are not fruits and live elsewhere on the site.
A link between a fruit and a topic means the body needs the fruit for that job, or that low intake is linked to it. It does not mean extra supplements help if your intake is already adequate. See each page’s evidence label.
Blueberries, blackcurrants, mulberries, grapes and relatives: small, juicy, often deeply coloured fruit.
Oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit and mandarins: the classic vitamin C fruit, and the family to check with some medicines.
Cherries, peaches, plums and apricots: fruit with a single hard stone.
Apples and pears: familiar everyday fruit with fiber in the flesh and skin.
Banana, mango, papaya, pineapple, kiwifruit and other fruit from warm climates.
Dates, figs, raisins, prunes, olives and pomegranate: dried and other special fruit.
Fruits work alongside other nutrients. Here is what our sources link to them.
Vitamin A: The body can convert beta-carotene to vitamin A.
Vitamin A: Vitamin E and beta-carotene were tested together in the Finnish smoker trial.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D increases calcium absorption; both matter for bones, and treatment of rickets and osteomalacia includes both.
Vitamin D: NHS says vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphate.
Vitamin E: MedlinePlus says vitamin E helps the body use vitamin K; both affect blood clotting, which matters for people on blood thinners.
Vitamin E: Vitamin E and selenium were tested together and apart in the SELECT prostate cancer trial.
Vitamin E: Vitamin C and vitamin E were pooled with other antioxidants in the Cochrane mortality review.
Vitamin K: Vitamin D with K2 products exist; the site page does not claim an added benefit.
Vitamin B1 (thiamin): The NHS page covers B vitamins together; MedlinePlus says doctors may recommend other vitamins alongside thiamin for beriberi.
Vitamin B2: MedlinePlus says riboflavin works with the other B vitamins.
Vitamin B3 (niacin): Pellagra comes from too little niacin or tryptophan in the diet, so both matter for avoiding deficiency.
Vitamin B5: MedlinePlus covers pantothenic acid and biotin together; both are needed for growth and metabolism and for making fatty acids.
VegetablesOmega fatty acidsAntioxidantsSupplement formulasCompare supplementsNatural Remedy Safety
What blackcurrants contain (USDA values), what trials of the fruit, juice and extract found for blood vessels, thinking and exercise, and safety notes.
What mulberries contain, what research says about eating them, how they differ from mulberry leaf products, and the safety points: allergy, medicines and storage.
What gooseberries contain (USDA values), what research does and does not show, and how they differ from Indian gooseberry (amla) and cape gooseberry.
What grapes contain (USDA values), what trials and large cohort studies found, and the safety notes: allergy, choking in young children, medicines and sugar.
Lemons as a food: vitamin C and scurvy, what research says about colds and kidney stones, skin and tooth cautions, and how this differs from supplements.
Limes as a food: USDA nutrition, vitamin C and scurvy, what the research does and does not show, and safety notes such as sun-sensitive skin reactions.
Oranges as a food: vitamin C and scurvy, what research says about juice, colds and heart health, medicine and potassium cautions, and how this differs from supplements.
Grapefruit nutrition from USDA, what studies found on weight, blood pressure and cancer risk, and the well-documented way it can change how some medicines work.
Mandarins and tangerines as food: USDA nutrients, what research does and does not show for vitamin C and carotenoids, allergy and medicine notes, and safe handling.
What is in sweet cherries (USDA values), what research does and does not show for eating them, and the main safety points: allergy, pits, sugar and washing.
What is in a peach (USDA values), what research does and does not show for eating peaches, and the main safety points: allergy, pits and washing.
What is in a nectarine (USDA values), how it differs from a peach, what research does and does not show, and the main safety points such as allergy and washing.
What plums (Prunus domestica) and dried plums (prunes) contain, what trials show for bowel regularity and bones, and allergy, medicine and food-safety notes.
What apricots contain, what research says about eating them, and the real safety points: apricot kernels and cyanide, pollen-related allergy, and dried apricots.
What research shows about eating apples: fiber, blood fats, heart and diabetes studies, juice versus whole fruit, pollen allergy and food safety.
What the sources say about pears: fiber and nutrients from USDA, studies on diabetes risk and heart health, allergy and food-safety notes, and what is still unknown.
What bananas contain (USDA values), what research does and does not show for potassium, gut and exercise, plus allergy and kidney safety notes.
What the research shows for mango, a tropical fruit rich in vitamin C, plus USDA nutrient values, skin and allergy cautions, sugar content and food safety.
What papaya (Carica papaya) contains per USDA, what research shows for the fruit versus leaf or fermented products, and allergy, latex and food-safety notes.
Pineapple nutrition from USDA data, what research says about the fruit and about bromelain, and plain safety notes on allergy, medicines and food safety.
What kiwifruit contains (USDA values), what trials found for constipation, sleep and blood pressure, and the allergy and latex-fruit cautions to know.
What research shows for guava, a tropical fruit very rich in vitamin C and fiber, with USDA nutrient values, trial results, safety notes and food-safety tips.
What the sources say about lychee, a juicy tropical fruit: vitamin C and copper, allergy, the link with low blood sugar in India, and what research does not show.
What passion fruit contains (USDA values), what research says about the pulp and the peel extract, and the real safety points: latex-related allergy and natural cyanide …
Persimmons (Diospyros kaki) as a food: USDA nutrients, what research does and does not show, and safety notes on tannin bezoars, warfarin, potassium and allergy.
What jackfruit contains (USDA values), what research does and does not show, and the allergy, potassium and blood sugar points worth knowing.
What star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) contains per USDA, what research shows, and the serious nerve and kidney danger for people with kidney disease.
What the research shows for coconut meat, with USDA nutrient values, a clear look at its saturated fat, and short notes on coconut water, milk and oil, allergy and food …
What the evidence says about watermelon as a food: nutrients, lycopene and citrulline, blood pressure and exercise studies, allergy and food-safety notes.
What cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) contains by USDA data, what research does and does not show, and the food-safety and potassium points worth knowing.
Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) as a food: USDA nutrients, what trials found on digestion, blood sugar and late pregnancy, and safety notes on sugar, potassium and sulphites.
Figs (Ficus carica) as a food: USDA nutrients, what trials found on constipation, plus allergy, skin-sap and potassium notes, with weak evidence called out.
What raisins contain (USDA values), what studies found on blood sugar and blood pressure, and the safety notes: sugar, sulfites, potassium, teeth and dogs.
What prunes (dried plums) contain, what trials show for constipation and bone density, and the sugar, potassium, vitamin K and bowel-comfort points to know.
Table olives (Olea europaea) as a food: USDA nutrients, why brining makes them high in sodium, what research does and does not show, and safety notes.
These fruits have the most human research summarized in our guides (counted from the evidence ratings on each profile). More research does not mean the fruit works or is safe for you: open the guide to see what was found, including negative and mixed results.
Every published fruit guide (41), with its names and what it is made of. Each name opens one guide that brings together identity, traditional use, research, safety, forms and sources.
Search by fruit, benefit, body system, goal, symptom or lab test. Each result explains why it matches and how strong the evidence is.
Filters: fruit group, evidence, body system, body part, goal, root cause, habit, biomarker, condition
Pick a way to look, then pick a choice. Every list links to the full guide.
Fruits whose guide mentions use in a traditional system. A mention shows history, not proof that it works.
The ways each fruit is used, from its guide: tea, tincture, capsule, powder, extract, topical or the whole fruit.
Fruits whose guide documents a point to check for this concern. Being listed does not mean the fruit is unsafe for everyone. Open the guide to read the details.
The best level of evidence in each fruit guide for any listed benefit. A stronger label for one use says nothing about its other uses or its safety.
Fruits have been used for health in many cultures for centuries. A traditional use tells you what people have done, not that it works. Here every fruit is listed under the goals, body systems and actions its guide connects it to, and each link carries the strength of the evidence behind it.
Strongest
0 fruits
Clinical trials support a benefit
Promising
38 fruits
Early or mixed human evidence
Early science
3 fruits
Lab or animal research only
Unknown
0 fruits
Too little evidence to say
Each fruit is counted once, at the strongest level its guide documents for any use. A strong label for one use says nothing about its other uses or its safety. "Traditional use" alone is not one of these labels: where a guide only reports history, the link is rated "Too little evidence to say". Read the guide on traditional use and research evidence.
Each card shows how many fruits are linked to a goal and how strong the evidence is. Green means clinical trials support a benefit; grey means too little evidence. These are links the guides document, not recommendations. For the wider picture, see the Wellness Goals section.
13 promising
Best-studied
Early or mixed human evidence (13)
Goal pages: Healthy Circulation · Heart Health · Blood Pressure Support · Cholesterol Balance
2 strongest6 promising
Best-studied
Clinical trials support a benefit (2)
Early or mixed human evidence (6)
Goal pages: Digestive Support · Gut Health
6 promising
Best-studied
Early or mixed human evidence (6)
Goal pages: Blood Sugar Balance
Early or mixed human evidence (1)
Goal pages: Better Sleep · Sleep Quality
Early or mixed human evidence (1)
Goal pages: Memory Support · Brain Health
Early or mixed human evidence (1)
Goal pages: Joint Support
The same links, organized the way anatomy and physiology textbooks do. "Action" describes what a fruit is said to do (for example calming or digestive support); it names the claim, not the proof.
Early or mixed human evidence (13)
Clinical trials support a benefit (2)
Early or mixed human evidence (7)
Too little evidence to say (3)
Early or mixed human evidence (12)
Clinical trials support a benefit (2)
Early or mixed human evidence (5)
Too little evidence to say (1)
Early or mixed human evidence (8)
Early or mixed human evidence (3)
Clinical trials support a benefit (2)
Early or mixed human evidence (4)
Too little evidence to say (1)
Clinical trials support a benefit (2)
Early or mixed human evidence (2)
Lab or animal research only (1)
Too little evidence to say (4)
Lab or animal research only (11)
Side-by-side guides for fruits that people confuse or choose between. They explain differences; they do not rank the fruits.
Each guide below looks at one concern, from sleep to skin, and separates fruits that were tested in people from fruits that are only traditional or lab-tested.
People have used fruits for health for many centuries. A traditional use tells you what people have done, not that it works. For what research found, see the Health Benefits and Scientific Evidence tabs.
Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine and other traditions each use natural remedies in their own systems. The fruits below are the ones whose guide mentions the tradition in its own text. That a tradition uses a fruit is history, not clinical evidence. Each guide says separately what trials found.
Read more: Therapies & Traditions.
Fruits are active substances. Some interact with prescription medicines, some are unsafe in pregnancy or with certain conditions, and some have been linked to serious harm. This tab brings together what the individual fruit guides document, plus the general rules. Medicine interactions have their own tab.
Have the product bottle with you when you call. Poisoning: What to Do First · Poison Help by Country · Emergency Quick Reference: Whom to Call (911, 988, Poison Help)
Each line comes from a fruit's own guide, where it is backed by cited sources: 142 documented risks across 41 of the 41 fruits. A fruit missing from a list is not proven safe: it may simply not have been studied. Open the fruit's guide for the full wording and sources.
| Fruit | What its guide documents |
|---|---|
| Pomegranate | Other medicines and liver enzymes. A review reports pomegranate constituents inhibit the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 that process many drugs, mostly shown in animals;… |
| Fruit | What its guide documents |
|---|---|
| Bananas | Potassium, kidney disease and medicines. People with kidney disease may be told to limit higher-potassium foods; the NKF lists half a banana among them. MedlinePlus says … |
| Blackcurrants | Vitamin C supplements, oxalate and kidney stones. Supplemental vitamin C raises urine oxalate; it is not known whether this raises stone risk. No source read covers blackcurrants … |
| Blackcurrants | Potassium and kidney disease. A cup gives about 8% of the potassium Daily Value (USDA). People with kidney disease or on potassium-affecting medicines should a… |
| Cantaloupe | Potassium and kidney disease or certain medicines. USDA lists 267 mg potassium per 100 g (427 mg in 1 cup of cubes). MedlinePlus says that with chronic kidney disease the kidneys m… |
| Dates | Potassium with kidney disease and some medicines. With chronic kidney disease the kidneys may not remove extra potassium and some medicines can raise it; dates are potassium-rich.… |
| Figs | Potassium, kidney disease and some blood pressure medicines. MedlinePlus says fruits are rich in potassium and that people with poor kidney function, or taking ACE inhibitors, ARBs or potass… |
| Grapefruit | Potassium, kidney disease and some heart medicines. MedlinePlus lists citrus as potassium-rich and says ACE inhibitors, ARBs and potassium-sparing diuretics can raise blood potassiu… |
| Grapes | Potassium and kidney disease. One cup has about 288 mg potassium (6% Daily Value). MedlinePlus notes that in chronic kidney disease extra potassium may not be … |
| Guava | Potassium and kidney disease. One cup gives about 15% of the Daily Value of potassium (USDA). The NHS notes older people may be more at risk of harm from potas… |
| Jackfruit | Potassium and kidney disease. Jackfruit has about 739 mg of potassium per cup of sliced fruit. With chronic kidney disease the kidneys may not remove extra pot… |
| Mandarins & Tangerines | Potassium and kidney disease. The National Kidney Foundation lists whole tangerines and mandarin oranges as lower-potassium fruits, unlike oranges; individual … |
| Nectarines | Potassium, sugar and kidney disease. A medium nectarine has about 285 mg potassium and 11 g natural sugar. People limiting potassium or managing diabetes can ask thei… |
| Oranges | Potassium and kidney disease. The National Kidney Foundation lists one medium orange and orange juice as higher-potassium foods for people with kidney disease … |
| Papaya | Potassium and kidney disease. One cup gives about 264 mg of potassium (6% of the Daily Value); people on potassium limits should follow their care team's advic… |
| Peaches | Potassium, sugar and kidney disease. A medium peach has about 285 mg potassium and 12.6 g natural sugar. People told to limit potassium, or managing diabetes, can ask… |
| Persimmons | Potassium and kidney disease. Persimmon has a modest amount of potassium (about 270 mg per fruit, 6% of the Daily Value). MedlinePlus says people with chronic … |
| Plums | Potassium content and kidney-disease diets. Raw plums contain 157 mg potassium per 100 g (USDA); people on potassium-restricted diets should follow their care team's advice,… |
| Prunes (Dried Plums) | Potassium: kidney disease and some medicines. Prunes hold 732 mg potassium per 100 g (about 1,274 mg per cup). MedlinePlus says in chronic kidney disease extra potassium may b… |
| Raisins | Potassium and kidney disease. With chronic kidney disease the kidneys may not clear extra potassium, and some medicines raise potassium; raisins have 744 mg po… |
| Star Fruit (Carambola) | Kidney disease and star fruit neurotoxicity. The National Kidney Foundation says people with kidney disease should avoid star fruit. Its neurotoxin is cleared by healthy kidn… |
| Star Fruit (Carambola) | Oxalate kidney injury in people without known kidney disease. Large amounts of sour star fruit juice, especially on an empty stomach, have caused sudden kidney failure from calcium oxalate cr… |
| Sweet Cherries | Potassium and kidney disease. A cup of cherries gives about 342 mg of potassium (7% of the Daily Value). People told to limit potassium should ask their care t… |
| Fruit | What its guide documents |
|---|---|
| Bananas | Potassium, kidney disease and medicines. People with kidney disease may be told to limit higher-potassium foods; the NKF lists half a banana among them. MedlinePlus says … |
| Bananas | Too much potassium from supplements. The NHS says excess potassium can cause stomach pain, nausea and diarrhoea and that older people should not take potassium supple… |
| Blackcurrants | Potassium and kidney disease. A cup gives about 8% of the potassium Daily Value (USDA). People with kidney disease or on potassium-affecting medicines should a… |
| Cantaloupe | Potassium and kidney disease or certain medicines. USDA lists 267 mg potassium per 100 g (427 mg in 1 cup of cubes). MedlinePlus says that with chronic kidney disease the kidneys m… |
| Dates | Potassium with kidney disease and some medicines. With chronic kidney disease the kidneys may not remove extra potassium and some medicines can raise it; dates are potassium-rich.… |
| Figs | Potassium, kidney disease and some blood pressure medicines. MedlinePlus says fruits are rich in potassium and that people with poor kidney function, or taking ACE inhibitors, ARBs or potass… |
| Grapefruit | Potassium, kidney disease and some heart medicines. MedlinePlus lists citrus as potassium-rich and says ACE inhibitors, ARBs and potassium-sparing diuretics can raise blood potassiu… |
| Grapes | Potassium and kidney disease. One cup has about 288 mg potassium (6% Daily Value). MedlinePlus notes that in chronic kidney disease extra potassium may not be … |
| Guava | Potassium and kidney disease. One cup gives about 15% of the Daily Value of potassium (USDA). The NHS notes older people may be more at risk of harm from potas… |
| Jackfruit | Potassium and kidney disease. Jackfruit has about 739 mg of potassium per cup of sliced fruit. With chronic kidney disease the kidneys may not remove extra pot… |
| Jackfruit | Medicines that raise potassium. MedlinePlus says some medicines can raise potassium. No source read tests jackfruit with them. |
| Mandarins & Tangerines | Potassium and kidney disease. The National Kidney Foundation lists whole tangerines and mandarin oranges as lower-potassium fruits, unlike oranges; individual … |
| Nectarines | Potassium, sugar and kidney disease. A medium nectarine has about 285 mg potassium and 11 g natural sugar. People limiting potassium or managing diabetes can ask thei… |
| Olives | Sodium from brining and blood pressure. Curing puts salt into olives: USDA lists 735 mg of sodium per 100 g in canned ripe olives and 1,556 mg in pickled green olives. P… |
| Oranges | Potassium and kidney disease. The National Kidney Foundation lists one medium orange and orange juice as higher-potassium foods for people with kidney disease … |
| Papaya | Potassium and kidney disease. One cup gives about 264 mg of potassium (6% of the Daily Value); people on potassium limits should follow their care team's advic… |
| Passion Fruit | Fiber side effects and potassium load. One cup is high in fiber and has about 17% of the potassium Daily Value; people with kidney disease should ask a clinician. |
| Peaches | Potassium, sugar and kidney disease. A medium peach has about 285 mg potassium and 12.6 g natural sugar. People told to limit potassium, or managing diabetes, can ask… |
| Persimmons | Potassium and kidney disease. Persimmon has a modest amount of potassium (about 270 mg per fruit, 6% of the Daily Value). MedlinePlus says people with chronic … |
| Plums | Potassium content and kidney-disease diets. Raw plums contain 157 mg potassium per 100 g (USDA); people on potassium-restricted diets should follow their care team's advice,… |
| Prunes (Dried Plums) | Potassium: kidney disease and some medicines. Prunes hold 732 mg potassium per 100 g (about 1,274 mg per cup). MedlinePlus says in chronic kidney disease extra potassium may b… |
| Raisins | Potassium and kidney disease. With chronic kidney disease the kidneys may not clear extra potassium, and some medicines raise potassium; raisins have 744 mg po… |
| Sweet Cherries | Potassium and kidney disease. A cup of cherries gives about 342 mg of potassium (7% of the Daily Value). People told to limit potassium should ask their care t… |
| Fruit | What its guide documents |
|---|---|
| Apricots | Apricot kernels and cyanide. Raw apricot kernels contain amygdalin that can release cyanide. EFSA set a single-sitting limit of 20 micrograms per kg body weig… |
| Apricots | Laetrile or 'vitamin B17' for cancer. Laetrile (amygdalin) is not a vitamin. NCI found no anticancer activity in human trials, and it can cause cyanide poisoning. |
| Apricots | Washing and food safety. Rinse fresh produce under running water, no soap; refrigerate cut produce at 40 F or below. |
| Bananas | Produce food safety. FDA advises rinsing produce under running water without soap and refrigerating cut fruit. |
| Blueberries | Juice and sweetened blueberry products. US dietary guidelines say at least half of fruit should come from whole fruit rather than 100% juice, and juice is lower in fiber… |
| Blueberries | Washing and food safety. FDA advises washing fresh produce under running water; soap or produce wash is not recommended. |
| Citrus Fruits (overview) | Washing and food safety. The FDA advises washing whole produce under running water before cutting and says soap or produce wash is not recommended. |
| Coconut | Very high saturated fat. One cup of shredded meat has about 24 g of saturated fat, more than the whole Daily Value (USDA). WHO advises under 10% of energy… |
| Coconut | Coconut oil and LDL cholesterol. A meta-analysis of 16 trials found coconut oil raised LDL by 10.5 mg/dL and HDL by 4.0 mg/dL compared with non-tropical vegetable… |
| Coconut | Washing and storing whole and cut coconut. Rinse the outside under running water without soap, refrigerate cut produce at 40 F or below, and discard produce that looks rott… |
| Dates | Sulphites in some dried fruit. The FDA requires sulphites to be declared at 10 ppm or more because of reactions such as asthma in sensitive people. Check the la… |
| Dates | High sugar and energy density. Dates have about 63 to 66 g of sugar and about 280 kcal per 100 g, so portions are small. |
| Figs | Sugar content. Raw figs have 16.3 g of sugars per 100 g, more concentrated in dried figs. |
| Gooseberries | Very high vitamin C from supplements. More than 1,000 mg a day from supplements can cause stomach pain and diarrhea; high doses can rarely cause kidney stones. This co… |
| Gooseberries | Washing and storing fresh fruit. Rinse under running water, no soap; refrigerate perishable produce at 40 F or below. |
| Grapefruit | Citrus intake and skin cancer risk (observation). The EPIC cohort (270,112 people) found a slightly higher skin cancer risk with higher citrus intake (hazard ratio 1.10 for the hi… |
| Grapes | Natural sugar content. One cup of European-type grapes has about 23 g of total sugars (USDA); the NHS notes even unsweetened juice is sugary. |
| Guava | Fresh produce food safety. Wash fresh fruit under running water; soap or produce wash is not recommended; cut away damaged areas. |
| Jackfruit | Washing and handling fresh-cut fruit. FDA advises rinsing produce under running water, cutting away damaged parts and refrigerating pre-cut produce. |
| Kiwifruit | Latex-fruit syndrome. People with natural rubber latex allergy may also react to kiwi, banana, avocado and chestnut. |
| Lemons | Tooth enamel and acidic juice. In a laboratory study on extracted teeth, lemon juice strongly eroded enamel; the authors say it should not be read as a clinical… |
| Lemons | High-dose vitamin C supplements. Over 2,000 mg a day is not recommended per MedlinePlus (stomach upset, diarrhea, rarely kidney stones); NHS says over 1,000 mg ca… |
| Limes | Very large vitamin C doses (supplements). Supplement amounts above about 1,000 mg a day can cause stomach pain and diarrhoea; above 2,000 mg a day rarely kidney stones. Fo… |
| Limes | Pesticide residues on limes. A method-testing paper found residues in 14 of 22 Tahiti lime samples, some above EU limits. It is one study and does not give a … |
| Mandarins & Tangerines | Too much vitamin C from supplements. More than 1,000 mg a day from supplements can cause stomach pain and diarrhoea (NHS); MedlinePlus says above 2,000 mg is not reco… |
| Mango | FODMAPs and bloating. Monash University lists mango among fruits high in excess fructose, which can trigger symptoms in some people with irritable bowe… |
| Mango | Food safety: washing and cutting. Wash fruit under running water without soap and refrigerate cut fruit; a 2026 lab study found Salmonella can grow in both the rin… |
| Mulberries | Safety of mulberry berry products is unstudied. NCCIH says there is insufficient reliable information about the safety of white mulberry berries as a product; little is known ab… |
| Nectarines | Skin, washing and pesticide residues. The thin skin is usually eaten. A 2025 Croatian survey found over 60% of households did not peel peaches and nectarines. Wash und… |
| Nectarines | Pit and kernel. No source on nectarine kernels was found; not eating the pit is a caution only. |
| Olives | Botulism risk from home-cured olives. A 2003 Italian outbreak was linked to green olives cured in salt water with no standard salt level or acidity; a jar made at the … |
| Oranges | High-dose vitamin C supplements. The NHS says over 1,000 mg a day can cause stomach pain and diarrhoea; MedlinePlus says over 2,000 mg a day is not recommended an… |
| Passion Fruit | Natural cyanide compounds in peel, fiber and juice. Cyanogenic glycosides were measured in passion fruit peel, juice and by-product fiber. Effect of eating pulp was not tested; a re… |
| Passion Fruit | Food safety when handling. Rinse under running water, keep cut produce at 40 F or below, no soap or produce wash. |
| Peaches | Peach pit and kernel. A systematic review of seeds used as food or medicine found many serious adverse events with bitter apricot seed. We found no sou… |
| Peaches | Washing and storing fresh fruit. Rinse under running water without soap; keep cut or packaged fruit at 40°F or below. |
| Pears | Washing and food safety of fresh pears. The FDA advises rinsing produce under running water (no soap or produce wash), washing before cutting, refrigerating cut produce,… |
| Pineapple | Lab findings on bromelain at high concentrations. A 2026 cell study reported cell-damage markers at higher bromelain concentrations in the test tube; this does not show harm from … |
| Pineapple | Food safety for cut fruit. Keep cut pineapple refrigerated at 40 F or below, rinse whole produce without soap and avoid bruised fruit. |
| Plums | Sorbitol, loose stools and gas. Plums contain sorbitol, and prunes are used to loosen the bowel, so larger amounts can cause diarrhoea, gas or cramps. |
| Pomegranate | Peel, root and stem are not for use. NCCIH says pomegranate root, stem and peel may not be safe in large amounts. This page gives no preparation instructions for them. |
| Prunes (Dried Plums) | Loose stools, gas and cramps. The same sorbitol that eases constipation can cause diarrhea, gas or cramps in larger amounts, and people with irritable bowel sy… |
| Raisins | High sugar and energy density. Raisins carry about 65 g sugar and 299 kcal per 100 g (USDA); people who count carbohydrates should treat them as a carbohydrate … |
| Raisins | Dried fruit and tooth decay. The NHS advises eating dried fruit at mealtimes rather than as a snack between meals to lower tooth decay risk. |
| Raisins | Sulfites in some dried fruit. An FDA notice describes golden raisins recalled for undeclared sulfites; sulfite-sensitive people can have serious reactions. Che… |
| Raisins | Grapes and raisins are harmful to dogs. A veterinary study notes that grapes or raisins have been reported to cause acute kidney injury in dogs; keep them away from pets. |
| Star Fruit (Carambola) | Status epilepticus and seizures. In people with chronic kidney disease, star fruit has caused seizures that do not stop (status epilepticus). A review of publishe… |
| Star Fruit (Carambola) | Washing and handling produce. The FDA advises washing produce under running water without soap, cutting away bruised areas and refrigerating cut produce at 40 … |
| Sweet Cherries | Cherry pits in the airway. Doctors have reported cherry pits stuck in the airway of adults, causing repeated pneumonia. The sources we read did not describe… |
| Tart Cherries | Cherry juice sugar. Unsweetened fruit juice counts as free sugars in NHS guidance, which suggests limiting juice and smoothies to 150 ml a day in tot… |
| Tart Cherries | Gout needs a clinician; urgent signs. Cherries are not a treatment for gout. The NHS advises seeing a GP for first symptoms or when treatment is not helping, and says … |
| Watermelon | Food safety of cut melon. FDA advises scrubbing melons before cutting, refrigerating cut melon at 40 F or below, and buying only pre-cut pieces that are ch… |
Some fruits change how a medicine works, or add to its effect. This matters most for narrow-margin medicines such as blood thinners, antidepressants, immunosuppressants, and diabetes and blood pressure medicines. Always tell your pharmacist and clinician about every fruit you take. Ask before starting, stopping or combining anything.
Each line comes from a fruit's own guide and its cited sources. A fruit missing from a list is not proven free of interactions: it may simply not have been studied. Open the fruit's guide for the full wording.
| Fruit | What its guide documents |
|---|---|
| Avocado | Warfarin and vitamin K foods. MedlinePlus says people on warfarin may need to limit vitamin K foods and keep the amount steady from day to day. USDA lists 21 m… |
| Bananas | Potassium, kidney disease and medicines. People with kidney disease may be told to limit higher-potassium foods; the NKF lists half a banana among them. MedlinePlus says … |
| Cantaloupe | Potassium and kidney disease or certain medicines. USDA lists 267 mg potassium per 100 g (427 mg in 1 cup of cubes). MedlinePlus says that with chronic kidney disease the kidneys m… |
| Citrus Fruits (overview) | Grapefruit and medicine interactions. The FDA says grapefruit juice and grapefruit can change how some medicines work, including some statins, blood pressure medicines… |
| Citrus Fruits (overview) | Other juices and medicine absorption. A review of randomized trials found that juices other than grapefruit did not cause severely harmful interactions, but orange jui… |
| Dates | Potassium with kidney disease and some medicines. With chronic kidney disease the kidneys may not remove extra potassium and some medicines can raise it; dates are potassium-rich.… |
| Figs | Potassium, kidney disease and some blood pressure medicines. MedlinePlus says fruits are rich in potassium and that people with poor kidney function, or taking ACE inhibitors, ARBs or potass… |
| Gooseberries | Allergy and medicines: no specific data. We found no gooseberry-specific allergy or medicine-interaction source; any food can trigger a reaction. |
| Grapefruit | Grapefruit and medicine interactions. Grapefruit juice can raise the blood level of some medicines (some statins, calcium-channel blockers, transplant, anti-anxiety an… |
| Grapefruit | Potassium, kidney disease and some heart medicines. MedlinePlus lists citrus as potassium-rich and says ACE inhibitors, ARBs and potassium-sparing diuretics can raise blood potassiu… |
| Jackfruit | Medicines that raise potassium. MedlinePlus says some medicines can raise potassium. No source read tests jackfruit with them. |
| Lemons | Medicine interactions (grapefruit-type). The FDA page on grapefruit and medicines names grapefruit, Seville oranges, pomelos and tangelos; it does not mention lemons or l… |
| Mandarins & Tangerines | Medicines: grapefruit-type citrus, not named for mandarins. The FDA names grapefruit, Seville oranges, pomelos and tangelos as citrus that may affect some medicines; mandarins and tangerine… |
| Mulberries | Mulberry leaf products and diabetes medicines. NCCIH says white mulberry leaf taken with diabetes medicines may carry a risk of low blood sugar. This is about the leaf, not the… |
| Oranges | Medicine interactions: Seville oranges and orange juice. The FDA says Seville oranges might act like grapefruit juice on some medicines, and that fexofenadine may not work as well with o… |
| Persimmons | Possible interaction with warfarin. A 2026 case report describes a woman on warfarin whose clotting tests rose after eating unripe persimmons daily for two weeks; th… |
| Pomegranate | Possible interaction with warfarin. A case report described a possible interaction between pomegranate juice and warfarin, and the authors said it does not prove it.… |
| Pomegranate | Other medicines and liver enzymes. A review reports pomegranate constituents inhibit the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 that process many drugs, mostly shown in animals;… |
| Prunes (Dried Plums) | Potassium: kidney disease and some medicines. Prunes hold 732 mg potassium per 100 g (about 1,274 mg per cup). MedlinePlus says in chronic kidney disease extra potassium may b… |
| Prunes (Dried Plums) | Vitamin K and warfarin. Prunes contain 59.5 ug vitamin K per 100 g (86% of the Daily Value per cup). MedlinePlus says sudden changes in vitamin K intake … |
| Strawberries, Raspberries & Blackberries | Allergy, medicines and pregnancy: no cautions found in sources read. The sources read for the site page did not describe medicine interactions, pregnancy, breastfeeding, kidney or allergy cautions f… |
| Fruit | What its guide documents |
|---|---|
| Guava | Sugar and diabetes. About 15 g of sugars per cup (USDA); trials on blood sugar are small and mixed, including a rise in fasting glucose when eaten wi… |
| Jackfruit | Sugar content and diabetes. About 31 g of sugars in a cup of sliced fruit (USDA). |
| Lychee | Low blood sugar and brain illness in children (India 2014). A case-control study linked lychee eating, especially without an evening meal, to a serious illness with low blood sugar; hypogly… |
| Lychee | Sugar content and diabetes planning. A 1-cup USDA serving has about 29 g of sugars, so people managing blood sugar should ask their care team how it fits. |
| Mango | Natural sugar and diabetes. One cup has about 22 g of sugars (USDA). Small trials did not report worse blood sugar in the groups studied, but people on diabe… |
| Mulberries | Mulberry leaf products and diabetes medicines. NCCIH says white mulberry leaf taken with diabetes medicines may carry a risk of low blood sugar. This is about the leaf, not the… |
| Prunes (Dried Plums) | Sugar content and diabetes. Prunes have 38 g of sugars per 100 g. In a 12-month trial, prunes did not change blood sugar control in postmenopausal women. |
For most fruits, good human evidence is limited. Every outcome in our fruit guides is rated for how strong the evidence is, and the rating is shown next to it. Across the 41 guides, 41 fruits have no outcome rated "clinical trials support a benefit".
How many outcomes each guide rates in each evidence group. Open a guide for the individual outcomes, what was found (including negative results) and the sources.
| Fruit | Trials support | Early / mixed | Lab / animal | Not enough | Risks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apples | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Apricots | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| Avocado | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
| Bananas | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Blackcurrants | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Blueberries | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| Cantaloupe | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Citrus Fruits (overview) | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Coconut | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| Dates | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Figs | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Gooseberries | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| Grapefruit | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| Grapes | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Guava | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Jackfruit | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 |
| Kiwifruit | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Lemons | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Limes | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Lychee | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Mandarins & Tangerines | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Mango | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| Mulberries | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Nectarines | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Olives | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Oranges | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Papaya | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Passion Fruit | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| Peaches | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Pears | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Persimmons | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Pineapple | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Plums | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Pomegranate | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| Prunes (Dried Plums) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 4 |
| Raisins | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| Star Fruit (Carambola) | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| Strawberries, Raspberries & Blackberries | 0 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
| Sweet Cherries | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Tart Cherries | 0 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
| Watermelon | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
The guides cite 364 distinct sources. These are the ones cited most often, and the main places to check any fruit claim yourself.
The same material can be sold as a powder, capsule, liquid or concentrated extract, and these are not interchangeable. A study of one preparation does not tell you what another does. This tab shows which forms each guide describes, and how to judge product quality.
Different parts can contain different compounds, so the part named on the label matters.
For each kind of preparation, the fruits whose guides describe it. The guides say which form was actually studied. Detailed preparation instructions are in Herbal Teas & Extracts, so they are not repeated here.
Read:
Read:
Read:
Read:
A whole fruit (fresh, dried or powdered) contains everything in the raw material, in amounts that vary. A standardized extract is made to contain a stated amount of one or more marker compounds, which makes batches more consistent but is not the same as the whole fruit.
An extraction ratio such as 4:1 says how much raw material was used per unit of extract. It does not by itself say how much active compound a capsule holds or whether the product works. A marker compound is something measured for quality control; it is not always the compound that causes any effect.
Amounts and duration. We do not give universal dose recommendations. Where a source reports the amount and length of use tested for a named preparation, the fruit's guide gives it in that context; an amount studied in one product does not carry over to another, or to food-level use.
Absorption. Some active constituents are poorly absorbed, which is why concentrated or specially formulated products exist (curcumin is the best-known case). Better absorption can also raise the risk of side effects.
A good label names the species by its scientific name, says which part is used, and states the amount and form. Third-party testing can check identity, strength and contamination, but a seal is not a guarantee of safety or benefit.
Forms & preparations: the full guide · Herbal Teas & Extracts
The World Health Organization advises at least 400 g of fruit and vegetables a day for people older than 10. [1] The UK NHS counts 80 g of fresh, canned or frozen fruit as one portion, and 30 g of dried fruit as one portion. [2]
The NHS counts juice and smoothies as one portion at most, with a combined limit of 150 ml a day, ideally with meals to lower the risk of tooth decay. [2] See also fruit juice vs whole fruit.
No fruit on this site is presented as a treatment. Eating more fruit and vegetables is a general dietary recommendation; individual fruit pages say what trials found and how strong the evidence is.
Grapefruit and its relatives can change how some medicines work, and potassium-rich foods matter with some blood pressure medicines and kidney disease. See foods and medicine interactions and each fruit's safety section.
Complete See every fruit with filters
Content last updated . The tabs from Health Benefits onward are compiled automatically from the evidence ratings and sources in each fruit's guide (last data update November 13, 2026). This section has not been medically reviewed.
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