Cannabis & Cannabinoids · Cannabinoids · Minor cannabinoid; very little human research

CBG (Cannabigerol)

Q: What is CBGA, and why is it called the "mother" cannabinoid?

CBGA (cannabigerolic acid) is the acid form the plant makes first. It is the common starting material that other enzymes turn into the acid forms of THC, CBD and other cannabinoids. CBGA that is not converted loses a carbon dioxide unit with heat and becomes CBG.

Q: Does CBG get you high?

It did not in the studies. A 34-person trial found no sign of drug effects or impairment after a single hemp CBG tincture, a 12-person study found minimal effects at amounts up to 200 mg, and in mice CBG was not intoxicating by any route tested. A product that also holds THC could still do so.

Q: Does CBG help with anxiety?

Possibly a little, but the evidence is very thin. One crossover trial in 34 healthy adults found lower anxiety and stress after a single dose than after placebo. It was one session in people without an anxiety disorder, and one author runs a CBG company. A rat study suggests a 5-HT1A receptor route. It is not an approved treatment.

Q: Does CBG help me sleep?

Not shown. A 4-week trial in 63 Veterans with sleep problems found improved scores in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between CBG and placebo, and only 35 finished without major deviations. In surveys, many users say they take it for sleep, but surveys cannot show cause and effect.

Q: Does CBG relieve pain or inflammation?

There is no good human evidence. In mice, CBG reversed nerve-pain sensitivity and reduced colitis, and in rats it improved arthritis scores, but these are animal results. The one human pain study compared three capsule mixtures with no placebo, and only one held a little CBG.

Q: Is CBG an approved medicine?

No. The US FDA has approved no CBG medicine, and its cannabis Q&A page does not mention CBG. The one approved CBD medicine is a prescription solution for certain epilepsies and does not apply to CBG. CBG products are unregulated shop items.

Q: What are the side effects of CBG?

Few were seen. In 12 healthy adults given single amounts up to 200 mg, no drug-related adverse events occurred. In a survey of 127 users of CBG-predominant cannabis, 44% reported none, and the most common were dry mouth (16.5%), sleepiness (15%), increased appetite (11.8%) and dry eyes (8.7%). Studies were small and short, so rarer or longer-term effects are unknown.

Q: Can CBG hurt the liver or interact with my medicines?

Not known. Liver tests stayed normal after single amounts in 12 adults, but repeated use has not been tested. No interaction study in people exists. In the lab, liver enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2B6 break CBG down, and a CBG-rich extract slowed CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. In mice it lowered blood pressure. Ask a pharmacist, especially if you take warfarin.

Q: Do CBG products contain what the label says?

We found no test of CBG products. In 80 hemp CBD oils, CBG turned up in 77% mostly without being on the label, 37 of 80 were at least 10% off their CBD label, and THC was found in 52 of 81 samples, including 5 of 21 labelled "THC-free". CBG products are unregulated, so the same problems are possible. A batch certificate from an independent lab is the only check.

2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol (C21H32O2; PubChem CID 5315659) · also called CBG, cannabigerol; its acid form is CBGA (cannabigerolic acid), often called the "mother" cannabinoid

CBG is a compound made by the cannabis plant that does not cause a high. The plant makes it from CBGA, the precursor of THC and CBD. There is no approved CBG medicine. Human research is a handful of small studies, and shop products may not match their labels.

General information, not medical advice. Last substantive update October 25, 2026 · Not medically reviewed. A named clinician has not signed off on this page. How this page is made

About CBG (Cannabigerol)

CBG (cannabigerol) is a cannabis compound that does not cause a high. The plant makes it from CBGA, the precursor of THC and CBD. There is no approved CBG medicine. Human research is very thin: a few small trials, mostly in healthy adults, and two user surveys. Almost everything else is animal or lab work.

What CBG is, and what CBGA is

CBG (cannabigerol) is a compound made by the cannabis plant. Its formula is C21H32O2. The plant first makes its acid form, CBGA (cannabigerolic acid). Other enzymes turn CBGA into the acid forms of THC, CBD and other cannabinoids, which is why CBGA is called the "mother" cannabinoid. Whatever CBGA is not converted loses a carbon dioxide unit with heat and becomes CBG.

CBG is found in much smaller amounts than THC or CBD, though some plant lines make more. It can also be made by yeast or bacteria. It is not the same as CBD or THC, and results for those compounds do not carry over.

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What the human studies show

Only a handful of small human studies exist. In 34 healthy adults, a single hemp CBG tincture lowered anxiety and stress compared with placebo in one online session, with no sign of impairment. In 63 Veterans with sleep problems, a 4-week trial found no statistically significant difference from placebo. A 12-person study of single amounts found no drug-related adverse events and few effects.

Both trials and several others are linked to companies that make CBG products, and the abstracts give few numbers. Two online surveys (127 and 239 users) report that people take CBG for anxiety, sleep and pain and rate it helpful, but surveys cannot show that CBG caused the improvement.

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Animal and laboratory research is not human evidence

Most claims about CBG come from mice, rats or cells. In animals it reduced colitis, raised appetite, lowered blood pressure, eased nerve-pain sensitivity and protected brain cells in Huntington-type models. In test tubes it slowed tooth-decay bacteria and the growth of colon cancer cells.

These findings suggest where to look, not what CBG does in people. Results in mice often fail to carry over to humans.

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Shop products and the law

We found no test of CBG product labels. In a test of 80 hemp CBD oils, CBG was present in 77% (mostly unlabelled), 37 held CBD amounts at least 10% off the label, and THC was found in 52 of 81 samples, including 5 of 21 labelled THC-free.

The US FDA has approved no CBG medicine, and its cannabis Q&A page does not mention CBG. Rules differ by state and country and were not reviewed here; this is not legal advice.

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What the lab numbers show

Our data holds 268 laboratory measurements of CBG in cannabis flower for 228 differently named strains. They come from state testing datasets and published papers; we did not test anything ourselves. A strain name is only a label: the same name can have very different chemistry, and these are real results from specific samples.

The biggest group is 159 values from Maryland (144) and Hawaii (15) testing data for 145 strain names, with test dates from 2017 to 2024. Each is the middle (median) result across many samples of that name, listed as percent by weight (the source does not label the unit column by column). They run from 0.0 to 0.435, and 59 of the 159 medians are 0.0. The highest is Amnesia OG at 0.435 in Maryland (182 samples). Among our profile strains, Trainwreck is 0.26 in Hawaii (only 3 samples), Gelato 0.19 in Maryland (362 samples) and Blue Dream 0.14 in Maryland (264 samples), while Granddaddy Purple (215 samples) and White Widow (72 samples) have medians of 0.0 in Maryland.

Papers report CBG in other units and methods, so do not compare them with the state medians. One greenhouse study gives means of 3 to 9 plants as percent of flower dry weight for 30 names, from 0.05 (Sour Willie) to 2.08 (Twisted Velvet). A second greenhouse paper lists five names at 0.1 to 0.32 percent of flower dry weight (for example Blue Dream 0.1 and White Widow 0.19) without stating the number of plants. A third gives 18 plant lines at 0.04 to 0.26 percent w/w, from 1 to 8 plants each (for example OG Kush 0.04 and Bubba Kush 0.08).

A further 56 values for 49 names are single commercial batches printed in a paper's supplement with an unclear unit (0.000148 to 0.0228); we do not compare them. These numbers describe how much CBG the flower held when it was tested. They say nothing about how it will feel, and nothing about CBG oils or capsules.

At a glance

Traditional uses history, not proof

Cannabis has a long history of use as a whole plant. No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read; this page covers only the compound.

Studied for research

Anxiety and stress in healthy adults: very low
Sleep problems: insufficient
How it feels and thinking tests in healthy adults: very low
Appetite and gut inflammation (animal research): very low
Nerve pain, joints, blood pressure (animal and lab research): insufficient
Skin irritation (company-run cosmetic tests): very low
Huntington's and schizophrenia-like models (mice): insufficient

Main compounds

CBG (cannabigerol) itself
CBGA, the acid precursor
Cyclo-CBG, the main lab-made metabolite
THC and CBD, made from CBGA by other enzymes

Common forms

CBG isolate in oil or capsules (used in trials)
Hemp-derived CBG tinctures and extracts (not approved medicines)
CBD-CBG blends and creams
CBG-predominant cannabis flower

Research links: FDA: cannabis and CBD questions and answers (does not mention CBG) · PubMed: first CBG placebo-controlled trial (anxiety, 2024) · PubMed: safety and pharmacokinetics in 12 healthy adults (2026) · PubMed: The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol (review, 2021) · PubChem: cannabigerol · Research Library · Genes & Biomarkers Library

What it is and its history

Name: Cannabigerol (CBG)
Chemical name: 2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol
Other names: Cannabigerol; CBG; Geranylolivetol; 2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol; Cannabigerol [WHO-DD]; CAS 25654-31-3; PubChem CID 5315659
Common names: CBG (English); Cannabigerol (English)
Formula: C21H32O2
Molecular weight: 316.5
CAS number: 25654-31-3
PubChem ID: 5315659
Chemical class: Phytocannabinoid (a 21-carbon terpenophenolic compound; a cannabinoid made by the cannabis plant)
How the plant makes it: The plant first makes cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Separate enzymes (synthases) turn CBGA into the acid forms of other cannabinoids such as THCA and CBDA; CBGA left unconverted loses a carbon dioxide unit (decarboxylation, helped by heat) and becomes CBG. Engineered bacteria and yeast can also make CBGA and CBG.
Where it is found: Found in cannabis and hemp plants, usually in much smaller amounts than THC or CBD (reviews). Plants with the B0 genotype and a CBG-rich chemotype (chemotype IV) hold more. It is also made industrially by yeast or bacterial fermentation.
Related or similar compounds: Name: CBGA (cannabigerolic acid); Note: The acid form that raw plants hold; it becomes CBG when heated. Different molecule with its own research.; Name: THC and CBD; Note: Made from CBGA by other enzymes. THC causes a high; CBG and CBD do not. Each has different safety data.; Name: CBG quinone and other synthetic CBG derivatives (such as VCE-003.2); Note: Lab-made relatives studied for disease models; they are not CBG and not sold as CBG.

Traditional use and history history, not clinical proof

Tradition or era	Documented use	Source
1984	An early animal study tested CBG for eye pressure in cats and brain-wave effects in rats and reported lowered eye pressure without the toxicities seen with cannabinol.	p6499952
1990	In vitro metabolism of CBG was described in liver microsomes from several animal species.	p2224182
2010	CBG and a presumed hydroxylated metabolite were detected in urine of cannabis consumers.	p20614687
2013 to 2016	Mouse and rat studies reported effects of CBG on experimental colitis (2013), colon tumours (2014), Huntington-type disease models (2015) and appetite (2016).	p23415610
2021	A pharmacology review described CBG as an unregulated molecule being marketed as a dietary supplement with little research behind the claims.	p33168643
2022	The first survey of people using CBG-predominant cannabis was published.	p34569849
2024	The first double-blind placebo-controlled trial of CBG (34 healthy adults) was published; its authors state that no clinical trials had been published before.	p39003387
Early 1960s (first isolation, commonly credited to Gaoni and Mechoulam)	NOT verified: first isolation and structure of CBG from cannabis resin. No source for this was read for this page.

History shows how a substance was used or discovered. It does not show that a product works or is safe today.

What is inside, and how it may work

What it contains and how those compounds act in cells and animals. Laboratory and animal mechanisms are not proven effects in people.

Main compounds

Compound	Family	Where it is concentrated	Activity studied	Level of evidence
Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) PubChem 6449999	Phytocannabinoid acid	Not read in the sources Not read	The acid precursor: it is the common substrate for multiple cannabinoid synthases and, when decarboxylated, gives CBG. In dogs given a CBG/CBGA-rich hemp extract, CBGA was absorbed about 40-fold better than CBG. ^{24 3 40}	Review
Cyclo-CBG	Phytocannabinoid / metabolite	Not read Not read	The major metabolite formed when human CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 act on CBG; it and other oxidised metabolites reduced inflammation in mouse microglial cells in a lab test. ³⁴	Laboratory research
CBD (cannabidiol) PubChem 644019	Phytocannabinoid	Not applicable	Made from CBGA by CBDA synthase in the plant. CBG is the more rapidly metabolised of the two in human hepatocytes in one lab study. ^{18 20}	Laboratory research
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) PubChem 16078	Phytocannabinoid	Not applicable	The intoxicating cannabinoid, also made from CBGA. In reviews CBG's affinity at cannabinoid receptors falls between THC and CBD. ³⁰	Review
Other CBG-rich chemotype compounds	Phytocannabinoids	Cannabis sativa chemotype IV Not read	A detailed analysis of the CBG-rich chemotype IV found nine new phytocannabinoids; several were potent TRPA1 agonists and TRPM8 antagonists in cell assays. ¹⁵	Laboratory research

Mechanisms, receptors and pathways

Target or pathway	Gene or receptor	What was found	Level
Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2	CB1 (CNR1), CB2 (CNR2)	Reviews describe CBG as a partial agonist at CB1 and CB2 with affinity and activity between THC and CBD. In mouse colitis work the effect on macrophage nitric oxide was modulated by CB2. Mouse tests found CBG was not intoxicating at any route or blood level tested. ^{11 30 6 48}	Review
Alpha-2 adrenoceptors	Alpha-2A adrenoceptor (ADRA2A)	In mice, the blood pressure fall and reversal of nerve-pain sensitivity depended on alpha-2 / alpha-2A receptors. In rat brain slices CBG weakened the effect of an alpha-2 agonist. ^{43 45 29}	Lab animal
Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor	5-HT1A (HTR1A)	In rat brain slices CBG reduced the inhibitory effect of a 5-HT1A agonist, and its anxiety-like behaviour effect was blocked by a 5-HT1A antagonist. ²⁹	Lab animal
TRP channels (TRPM8 blocker; TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV2 activator)	TRPM8, TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV2	In colon cancer cells CBG's growth-slowing effect depended on TRPM8. Compounds from a CBG-rich plant were potent TRPA1 agonists and TRPM8 antagonists in cell assays. ^{7 15}	Laboratory research
Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8	Nav1.8 (SCN10A)	CBG inhibited the Nav1.8 channel and the excitability of sensory neurons in lab experiments; the authors call for animal tests. ¹⁶	Laboratory research
Inflammatory signalling (NF-kB, STAT-3, inflammasome)	NF-kB p65, STAT-3, NLRP3	In rats with arthritis CBG lowered these signalling molecules. This is a downstream effect, not a receptor mechanism. ⁴⁹	Lab animal

Absorption, metabolism and elimination

Absorption: By mouth, absorption varies widely between people. In a 12-person single-ascending-dose study the blood levels rose in an orderly way with the amount, but there was significant individual variability. A review says CBG pharmacokinetics are highly variable with dose, formulation, route and diet.
Distribution: Not described in the abstracts read. A review notes brain penetration is a challenge for this class.
Metabolism: Mostly in the liver. In human hepatocytes CBG was mainly glucuronidated directly (UGT1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 2B4, 2B7, 2B17) and hydroxylated by CYP2B6, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6. CYP2J2, 3A4, 2D6, 2C8 and 2C9 form cyclo-CBG, the major metabolite in these lab experiments and in mice. In humans, CBG and a presumed hydroxylated metabolite appear in urine as conjugates after cannabis smoking.
Elimination: Not quantified in the abstracts read for people. Urinary excretion in conjugated form is shown after cannabis smoking.
Bioavailability: Not reported as a percentage in the abstracts read. In a human crossover pilot of a single 25 mg dose, a high-fat meal gave higher AUC, peak level and half-life and a shorter time to peak than a low-fat meal; fat mattered more than emulsification. In dogs, CBGA was absorbed about 40-fold better than CBG.

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Isolated compounds versus whole extracts

'CBG' on a shop label can mean an isolate, a hemp extract that also holds CBD and other cannabinoids, or a blend. The trials here used CBG isolate in oil (12-person study), a hemp-derived tincture (anxiety trial), capsules (sleep trial), and combination products with CBD (muscle and skin studies). The mouse colitis extract held about as much CBD as CBG. Results from one form cannot be assumed for another.

Nutritional composition

CBG is not a nutrient and has no nutritional claim. A 2021 review says it is marketed as a dietary supplement, but the FDA Q&A page read for this page does not mention CBG, and no FDA ruling on CBG as a supplement was found. Not legal advice.

15benefits and uses looked at

49studies and sources checked

Very low certaintybest evidence rating found

12lab markers tracked in trials

6 very low certainty9 not enough evidence

What was looked at

The 15 benefits and uses checked for CBG (Cannabigerol), each with how strong the evidence is. Tap one to open it.

Anxiety, stress and moodVery low certainty
Sleep problemsNot enough evidence
How it feels and effects on thinking testsVery low certainty
What users say (surveys)Not enough evidence
Schizophrenia-like behaviour (animal research)Not enough evidence
Huntington's disease models (animal research)Not enough evidence
Appetite and weight loss (animal research)Very low certainty
Gut inflammation and colitis (animal research)Very low certainty
Pain, especially nerve pain (animal and lab research)Not enough evidence
Joint inflammation (animal research)Not enough evidence
Skin irritation and redness (cosmetic use)Very low certainty
Muscle soreness after exercise (combination product)Very low certainty
Blood pressure (animal research, and a caution)Not enough evidence
Antibacterial and cancer-cell findings (laboratory research)Not enough evidence
Eye pressure (1984 animal study)Not enough evidence

Lab markers tracked in the studies

Self-rated anxietySelf-rated stressSleep problems index (MOS-SS SPI-II)Verbal memory test scoreDrug-effect and impairment ratingsAppetite and food intakeWeight loss after chemotherapy (rats)Colitis damage markers (mice)Blood pressure (mice)Touch sensitivity (von Frey test, mice)Skin water loss and rednessLiver function tests (after single doses)

What is CBG (Cannabigerol) good for?

The uses people ask about and how strong the evidence is for each. None is an approved use. Most rows are animal or lab research and say so.

Anxiety, stress and moodVery low certaintyOne small crossover trial in 34 healthy adults found lower anxiety and stress after a single hemp CBG tincture than after placebo. It was one session in people without an anxiety disorder, and a co-author runs a CBG company. A rat study points to the 5-HT1A receptor. Sleep problemsNot enough evidenceA 4-week randomized trial in Veterans with sleep problems found improved sleep scores in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between CBG and placebo. The authors say no firm conclusion can be drawn. How it feels and effects on thinking testsVery low certaintyIn small studies of healthy adults, CBG gave few noticeable effects: no sign of a high, no impairment on an app test, and a better verbal memory score in one trial. Single doses in a 12-person study led to small changes in self-rated Jittery, Active, Calm and Appetite. What users say (surveys)Not enough evidenceTwo online surveys of CBG users (127 and 239 people) report that most use it for anxiety, sleep or pain and rate it helpful. Surveys cannot show that CBG caused the improvement. Schizophrenia-like behaviour (animal research)Not enough evidenceIn mice, CBG reduced behaviour changes caused by amphetamine or MK-801, drugs used to model schizophrenia-like changes. There are no human studies. Huntington's disease models (animal research)Not enough evidenceIn mice with chemically induced or genetic Huntington's-type disease, CBG improved movement and protected brain cells. No human trial exists. Treat this as early laboratory research. Appetite and weight loss (animal research)Very low certaintyIn rats, CBG increased eating and reduced weight loss caused by a chemotherapy drug. In the 12-person single-dose study, self-rated appetite rose at the highest step. There are no trials in patients. Gut inflammation and colitis (animal research)Very low certaintyIn two mouse colitis studies, CBG (alone or in a high-CBG hemp extract) reduced the signs of colitis. There are no human studies of CBG for inflammatory bowel disease. Pain, especially nerve pain (animal and lab research)Not enough evidenceIn mice with chemotherapy-induced nerve pain, CBG reversed touch hypersensitivity through alpha-2A receptors. In lab work CBG blocked the Nav1.8 pain-signal channel. A real-world study of capsule mixtures that included CBG cannot say what CBG did. Joint inflammation (animal research)Not enough evidenceIn rats with collagen-induced arthritis, CBG improved clinical scores and lowered several inflammatory signals. No human trial of CBG for arthritis was found. Skin irritation and redness (cosmetic use)Very low certaintyA 20-person industry-run test found a 0.1% CBG serum improved water loss through irritated skin and redness better than placebo over 2 weeks. A 9-person ointment study combined CBG with CBD and had no placebo. Muscle soreness after exercise (combination product)Very low certaintyA 40-person pilot of a CBD, CBG and amino-acid powder found less interference of soreness with daily activities, but the product held other ingredients so the effect cannot be credited to CBG. Blood pressure (animal research, and a caution)Not enough evidenceIn mice, one injection of CBG lowered blood pressure through alpha-2 receptors. This is a physiology signal to watch for, not a treatment. No human blood-pressure data on CBG were found. Antibacterial and cancer-cell findings (laboratory research)Not enough evidenceIn test tubes CBG slowed tooth-decay bacteria, and in cells and mice it slowed colon-cancer growth. These are lab results and are not evidence that CBG treats infection or cancer. Eye pressure (1984 animal study)Not enough evidenceIn a 1984 study in cats, CBG lowered eye pressure with chronic dosing and did not cause the eye irritation seen with cannabinol. It has not been tested in people.

Benefits, one by one

Each card is a research question, not a promise. Tap a goal to filter. Open a card to see the studies, doses and limits.

Anxiety, stress and mood

Very low certainty

One small crossover trial in 34 healthy adults found lower anxiety and stress after a single hemp CBG tincture than after placebo. It was one session in people without an anxiety disorder, and a co-author runs a CBG company. A rat study points to the 5-HT1A receptor.

3 studiesHemp-derived CBG tincture, one study dose in one session (trial); CBG…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

One double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial (34 healthy adults, two online sessions a week apart). No trial in people with an anxiety disorder was found. A 2023 rat study adds mechanism only.

Results

Compared with placebo, there was a significant overall reduction in anxiety and a reduction in stress at the first rating after the tincture. The abstract gives no numbers. Rats given CBG spent more time on the open arms of a maze and ate sooner in a new place, which the authors describe as anxiolytic-like through 5-HT1A.

Effect sizes as reported

No effect sizes are given in the abstract.

Why this rating

A single small trial in healthy adults, one dose, abstract without numbers, with an author who runs a company that formulates CBG. It needs repeating in people who have anxiety. The rat result is animal research.

Form and dose studied

Hemp-derived CBG tincture, one study dose in one session (trial); CBG by injection (rats). No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Healthy adults (trial); male rats (animal study).

Limits

One session, healthy adults, no anxiety disorder, online setting, no long-term data, industry-linked author.

Why researchers looked

People use CBG hoping for calm without a high. Animal work suggested anti-anxiety effects, so researchers tested it in people.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism

In rat brain slices CBG weakened the effect of a 5-HT1A agonist and of an alpha-2 agonist; the rat anxiety-like behaviour change was blocked by a 5-HT1A blocker. This has not been shown in people.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

CBG has little safety data in people. The few small trials found it well tolerated in single sessions or short courses, but repeated use, liver effects and interactions have not been studied well. See the Safety tab. Shop products may not match their labels.

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Sleep problems

Not enough evidence

A 4-week randomized trial in Veterans with sleep problems found improved sleep scores in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between CBG and placebo. The authors say no firm conclusion can be drawn.

3 studiesOral CBG capsules, a stepped schedule over 4 weeks (trial). No amount…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

One decentralized, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial: 63 Veterans randomized (33 CBG, 30 placebo); only 35 completed without major protocol deviations.

Results

Sleep quality on the MOS sleep index improved but the difference between CBG and placebo was not statistically significant. Quality-of-life and PTSD scores showed similar patterns. CBG was well tolerated.

Effect sizes as reported

No significant difference from placebo.

Why this rating

One underpowered trial with high drop-out and a null main result; the sponsor company is linked to the authors. No other controlled sleep trial was found.

Form and dose studied

Oral CBG capsules, a stepped schedule over 4 weeks (trial). No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Veterans with self-reported sleep problems.

Limits

Only 35 of 63 completed without major deviations; at-home design; 4 weeks; abstract gives no numbers; company-run.

Why researchers looked

Many people take CBG for sleep; surveys list insomnia as a top reason for use, so a trial tested it.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Pharmacological theory

No firm mechanism for sleep effects was established in the sources read.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

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How it feels and effects on thinking tests

Very low certainty

In small studies of healthy adults, CBG gave few noticeable effects: no sign of a high, no impairment on an app test, and a better verbal memory score in one trial. Single doses in a 12-person study led to small changes in self-rated Jittery, Active, Calm and Appetite.

3 studiesHemp-derived CBG tincture (20 mg, one trial) and CBG isolate in oil a…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Two trials: the crossover trial of 34 healthy adults (subjective effects, verbal memory, DRUID impairment app) and a 12-person single-ascending-dose study with placebo (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg). A mouse study adds animal data.

Results

The crossover trial found no evidence of subjective drug effects or impairment and better verbal memory than with placebo. In the 12-person study subjective effects were minimal: lower Jittery and Active at 50 mg, lower Calm at 100 mg and higher Appetite at 200 mg. No drug-related adverse events occurred.

Effect sizes as reported

No effect sizes in the abstracts.

Why this rating

Two small studies of healthy adults, single sessions, abstracts without numbers; the memory result is one outcome in one trial. These findings suggest CBG is not intoxicating at studied amounts but do not show that it is free of effects after weeks of use.

Form and dose studied

Hemp-derived CBG tincture (20 mg, one trial) and CBG isolate in oil at stepped amounts (12-person study). No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Healthy adults.

Limits

Single doses; no driving test on the road; 8-hour follow-up in the 12-person study; says nothing about long-term or heavy use, or about contaminated products.

Why researchers looked

CBG is marketed as a non-intoxicating alternative to THC, so researchers checked what people feel and whether it affects thinking or driving-type skills.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Lab animal

In mice CBG was not intoxicating at any route or blood level tested, unlike THC.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

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What users say (surveys)

Not enough evidence

Two online surveys of CBG users (127 and 239 people) report that most use it for anxiety, sleep or pain and rate it helpful. Surveys cannot show that CBG caused the improvement.

2 studiesVarious CBG-predominant cannabis and CBG/CBGA products used by respon…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Two cross-sectional online surveys: 127 US adults using CBG-predominant cannabis (not CBG alone) and 239 users of CBG or CBGA products.

Results

Top reasons in the first survey: anxiety (51.2%), chronic pain (40.9%), depression (33.1%), insomnia (30.7%). In the second: insomnia (62%), inflammatory chronic pain (44%), anxiety (33%). Users generally rated CBG as improving symptoms.

Why this rating

Self-selected users, self-reported outcomes, no comparison group, no checking of what the products held. Expect people who benefit to be the ones who respond.

Form and dose studied

Various CBG-predominant cannabis and CBG/CBGA products used by respondents. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

US adults who already use CBG.

Limits

Cannot show cause and effect; products unverified; cannabis in the first survey also holds other cannabinoids.

Why researchers looked

Before trials existed, surveys were the only human information on why people use CBG.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Pharmacological theory

Not applicable: surveys do not test a mechanism.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

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Schizophrenia-like behaviour (animal research)

Not enough evidence

In mice, CBG reduced behaviour changes caused by amphetamine or MK-801, drugs used to model schizophrenia-like changes. There are no human studies.

1 studiesCBG by injection in mice. No amounts are advised here.

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Animal research only: male Swiss mice injected with CBG before amphetamine or MK-801.

Results

CBG reduced amphetamine-induced changes in prepulse inhibition and the open-field test and MK-801-induced impairments in social interaction, object recognition and prepulse inhibition.

Effect sizes as reported

Not given in the abstract.

Why this rating

Animal research only. Mouse tests of schizophrenia-like behaviour do not predict results in people.

Form and dose studied

CBG by injection in mice. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Male mice.

Limits

No human data; behavioural models only; unknown relevance to psychiatric illness.

Why researchers looked

CBD has been tested for psychosis, so researchers asked whether CBG might behave similarly.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism

The mouse paper compares CBG with CBD but does not establish a mechanism in its abstract.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

³¹

Huntington's disease models (animal research)

Not enough evidence

In mice with chemically induced or genetic Huntington's-type disease, CBG improved movement and protected brain cells. No human trial exists. Treat this as early laboratory research.

2 studiesCBG by injection in mice; not a consumer product. No amounts are advi…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Animal research only: two mouse models (3-nitropropionate-lesioned mice and R6/2 mice). The Nachnani review summarises the early literature.

Results

In the chemically lesioned mice CBG improved motor deficits, preserved striatal neurons and reduced inflammation markers. In R6/2 mice the recovery in rotarod performance was much smaller but significant, with a small reduction in aggregated huntingtin.

Effect sizes as reported

Not given in the abstract.

Why this rating

Animal research only; the genetic mouse model gave a smaller effect than the chemical model; no human data.

Form and dose studied

CBG by injection in mice; not a consumer product. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Mice.

Limits

Does not show that CBG helps people with Huntington disease; models do not reproduce the human illness fully.

Why researchers looked

CBG reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the lab, which are involved in nerve-cell loss, so it was tested in disease models.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Lab animal

In the mice, CBG reduced inflammation markers and raised antioxidant defences; it partly normalised some gene expression. How this happens is not settled.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

^{42 30}

Appetite and weight loss (animal research)

Very low certainty

In rats, CBG increased eating and reduced weight loss caused by a chemotherapy drug. In the 12-person single-dose study, self-rated appetite rose at the highest step. There are no trials in patients.

3 studiesCBG by mouth in rats; CBG isolate in oil in the 12-person study. No a…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Animal research (two rat studies) and one human observation: in the 12-person single-ascending-dose study appetite ratings rose at 200 mg.

Results

Rats given 120 to 240 mg/kg by mouth more than doubled total food intake. In rats given the chemotherapy drug cisplatin, 120 mg/kg attenuated weight loss from 6.3% to 2.6% at 72 hours. In people, a self-rated Appetite increase was reported at the highest step (200 mg) of a 12-person study.

Effect sizes as reported

More than doubled intake in rats; 6.3% to 2.6% weight loss (rats).

Why this rating

Two consistent rat studies from one group plus a minor human rating; high doses per body weight; no patient trials.

Form and dose studied

CBG by mouth in rats; CBG isolate in oil in the 12-person study. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Male rats; healthy adults (appetite rating).

Limits

Rats got large doses per body weight; 3-day cachexia model; no tumour-bearing animals; human rating is one subjective item.

Why researchers looked

Cannabis is known to stimulate appetite, so researchers asked whether CBG, without THC, could do the same.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism

Not settled. The rat feeding studies point to effects on how often rats start eating, not on meal size.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

^{8 9 46}

Gut inflammation and colitis (animal research)

Very low certainty

In two mouse colitis studies, CBG (alone or in a high-CBG hemp extract) reduced the signs of colitis. There are no human studies of CBG for inflammatory bowel disease.

3 studiesCBG, and a high-CBG hemp extract, in mice. No amounts are advised her…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Animal research only: DNBS-induced colitis in mice (2013) and DSS-induced colitis in mice treated with a hemp extract rich in CBG (2024).

Results

CBG reduced colon weight/length ratio, myeloperoxidase activity and iNOS expression and increased antioxidant activity in colitic mice. The high-CBG hemp extract reduced disease activity, increased colon length and reduced colon damage; that extract held about as much CBD as CBG.

Effect sizes as reported

Not given in the abstracts.

Why this rating

Two mouse studies in the same disease model family; one used an extract that also held CBD; no human evidence.

Form and dose studied

CBG, and a high-CBG hemp extract, in mice. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Mice.

Limits

No human trials; the extract contained CBD and CBC as well.

Why researchers looked

People with inflammatory bowel disease often report using cannabis, so CBG was tested in colitis models.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Lab animal

In the 2013 study CBG reduced nitric oxide and oxidative stress; the effect on macrophages was modulated by the CB2 receptor. A 2024 study also found changes in gut bacteria and metabolites.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

^{6 4 30}

Pain, especially nerve pain (animal and lab research)

Not enough evidence

In mice with chemotherapy-induced nerve pain, CBG reversed touch hypersensitivity through alpha-2A receptors. In lab work CBG blocked the Nav1.8 pain-signal channel. A real-world study of capsule mixtures that included CBG cannot say what CBG did.

3 studiesCBG injected or applied in mice; a multi-cannabinoid capsule in the h…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Animal and lab research: cisplatin-neuropathy mice, a Nav1.8 channel study, and rat arthritis (below). One human study (276 enrolled) compared three capsule mixtures with no placebo; only one contained 5 mg CBG, together with THCA, CBDA and CBC.

Results

CBG reversed mechanical hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent, alpha-2A-dependent way in mice. In the human study, all products improved self-reported pain on average, mostly without differences between products, and people on the CBG-containing mixture reported lower neuropathic pain intensity.

Effect sizes as reported

Not given in the abstracts.

Why this rating

The human study had no placebo, was self-reported, and involved a mixture in which CBG cannot be separated; the rest is animal or lab work.

Form and dose studied

CBG injected or applied in mice; a multi-cannabinoid capsule in the human study. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Mice; adults with fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis (capsule study).

Limits

No placebo group; about 40% did not finish; cannot credit effects to CBG.

Why researchers looked

Pain is the second most common reason users give for CBG. Animal work suggests ways it might reduce pain signals.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Lab animal

In mice, the effect needed alpha-2A adrenoceptors in the thalamus. In the lab CBG blocked the Nav1.8 sodium channel on sensory neurons.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

^{45 16 26}

Joint inflammation (animal research)

Not enough evidence

In rats with collagen-induced arthritis, CBG improved clinical scores and lowered several inflammatory signals. No human trial of CBG for arthritis was found.

1 studiesCBG by mouth in rats. No amounts are advised here.

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Animal research only: rats with collagen-induced arthritis, compared with placebo and a steroid.

Results

Clinical scores were significantly better than placebo on day 29. The steroid group improved earlier.

Effect sizes as reported

Not given in the abstract.

Why this rating

One rat study; no human data.

Form and dose studied

CBG by mouth in rats. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Rats.

Limits

No human data; unknown transfer to arthritis in people.

Why researchers looked

CBG reduces inflammatory signals in cells, so it was tested in an arthritis model.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Lab animal

CBG lowered NF-kB p65, STAT-3 and inflammasome components in the rats; the pathway links to people are unproven.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

⁴⁹

Skin irritation and redness (cosmetic use)

Very low certainty

A 20-person industry-run test found a 0.1% CBG serum improved water loss through irritated skin and redness better than placebo over 2 weeks. A 9-person ointment study combined CBG with CBD and had no placebo.

2 studies0.1% CBG serum (study product); compounded 30% CBD plus 5% CBG ointme…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

One 20-person vehicle-controlled test with CBG made by yeast fermentation (company authors) and one 9-person uncontrolled ointment study with CBD and CBG together.

Results

The CBG serum showed statistically significant improvement over placebo for transepidermal water loss and redness after sodium lauryl sulfate irritation. In the ointment study the authors report better hydration and less redness; the abstract gives no numbers.

Effect sizes as reported

Not given in the abstracts.

Why this rating

Small, short, company-linked controlled test; the second study had no placebo and combined CBD and CBG. Applies to cosmetic products on skin, not swallowed CBG.

Form and dose studied

0.1% CBG serum (study product); compounded 30% CBD plus 5% CBG ointment. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Adults with induced skin irritation; adults with atopic dermatitis.

Limits

Company authors; very small studies; no placebo in one; no long-term data.

Why researchers looked

Skin cells treated with CBG release fewer inflammatory signals in lab tests, so companies have tested it in skin products.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Laboratory research

In skin-cell cultures CBG lowered cytokine release and oxidative stress, in some cases more than CBD.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

^{32 10}

Muscle soreness after exercise (combination product)

Very low certainty

A 40-person pilot of a CBD, CBG and amino-acid powder found less interference of soreness with daily activities, but the product held other ingredients so the effect cannot be credited to CBG.

1 studiesCombination beverage powder twice a day for 3.5 days (trial). No amou…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

One randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot of a combination powder (CBD, CBG, beta-caryophyllene, amino acids, magnesium citrate), 40 exercise-trained adults.

Results

Soreness at 72 hours differed by -1.33 (85% CI -2.55 to -0.10); interference with daily activities at 48 hours by -1.82 (95% CI -3.64 to -0.01). No significant effect on objective recovery, sleep or mood. One adverse event on the powder and two on placebo.

Effect sizes as reported

Differences of about 1 to 2 points on a rating scale.

Why this rating

A combination product; small pilot; one primary estimate used an 85% interval; authors were employed by the maker.

Form and dose studied

Combination beverage powder twice a day for 3.5 days (trial). No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Exercise-trained adults.

Limits

Cannot credit effects to CBG; short; company-run.

Why researchers looked

Cannabinoid products are marketed to athletes for recovery with little data, so a company tested one.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Pharmacological theory

No mechanism was established in the abstract.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

³³

Blood pressure (animal research, and a caution)

Not enough evidence

In mice, one injection of CBG lowered blood pressure through alpha-2 receptors. This is a physiology signal to watch for, not a treatment. No human blood-pressure data on CBG were found.

1 studiesCBG injected into mice. No amounts are advised here.

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Animal research only: radiotelemetry in male C57BL/6J mice.

Results

Mean blood pressure fell by 28 +/- 2 mmHg with 10 mg/kg versus 12 +/- 5 mmHg with vehicle (p=0.018), and 22 +/- 2 mmHg with 3.3 mg/kg.

Effect sizes as reported

-28 versus -12 mmHg (mice).

Why this rating

One mouse study by injection; no human data.

Form and dose studied

CBG injected into mice. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Male mice.

Limits

Not a human result; the injection route differs from swallowed products.

Why researchers looked

Because CBG acts on alpha-2 receptors, which control norepinephrine release, researchers asked whether it changes blood pressure.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Lab animal

The fall was blocked by an alpha-2 antagonist, so the authors propose an alpha-2 mechanism.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

⁴³

Antibacterial and cancer-cell findings (laboratory research)

Not enough evidence

In test tubes CBG slowed tooth-decay bacteria, and in cells and mice it slowed colon-cancer growth. These are lab results and are not evidence that CBG treats infection or cancer.

3 studiesCBG in cell culture and mice. No amounts are advised here.

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Laboratory and animal research only: Streptococcus mutans cultures, human colorectal cancer cells and mouse colon-cancer models.

Results

CBG halted S. mutans growth and prevented the pH drop the bacteria cause. In colorectal cancer cells it promoted cell death and reduced growth; in mice it inhibited xenograft growth and chemically induced colon carcinogenesis.

Effect sizes as reported

Not given in the abstracts.

Why this rating

Test-tube and mouse work only. Effects in cells often do not carry over to people. Nothing here supports using CBG against infection or cancer.

Form and dose studied

CBG in cell culture and mice. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Bacteria, human cell lines, mice.

Limits

No human data; lab concentrations may not be reached in the body.

Why researchers looked

Lab screens of cannabinoids found antibacterial and cell-growth effects for CBG.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Laboratory research

In colon cancer cells the effect depended on the TRPM8 channel; in bacteria CBG altered the cell membrane.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

^{5 7 47}

Eye pressure (1984 animal study)

Not enough evidence

In a 1984 study in cats, CBG lowered eye pressure with chronic dosing and did not cause the eye irritation seen with cannabinol. It has not been tested in people.

1 studiesCBG eye drops or minipump in cats; CBG injections in rats. No amounts…

Studies, doses and limits

What the trials found

Animal research only: cats given eye drops or a minipump over 9 days; rats given injections to check brain-wave effects.

Results

Chronic CBG lowered eye pressure in cats, more than cannabinol did, with no conjunctival redness. CBG did not cause abnormal brain-wave discharges in rats.

Effect sizes as reported

Not given in the abstract.

Why this rating

A single old animal study; no human data.

Form and dose studied

CBG eye drops or minipump in cats; CBG injections in rats. No amounts are advised here.

Who was studied

Cats and rats.

Limits

No human data; eye drops of CBG are not an approved treatment.

Why researchers looked

Cannabis was known to lower eye pressure, so early researchers tested individual cannabinoids.

Traditional use

No traditional use of isolated CBG is described in the sources read.

Proposed mechanism Lab animal

No mechanism was given in the abstract.

A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.

¹²

Connections to the rest of health

How CBG (Cannabigerol) connects to the rest of our health knowledge graph. Every link says what kind of connection it is. A safety link (for example to the liver) is a warning, not a benefit. A study that merely mentions a topic never creates a benefit link.

Explore every connection: goals, body systems, organs, symptoms, genes

Kind of connection Connected to Search

A. Wellness goals

Connected to	Kind of connection	Evidence status	Context	Studies
Stress Relief		Very low certainty	Anxiety, stress and mood: One small crossover trial in 34 healthy adults found lower anxiety and stress after a single hemp CBG tincture than after placebo. It was one session in people without an anxiety disorder, and a co-author runs a CBG company. A rat study points to the 5-HT1A receptor.	^{13 29 30}
Anxiety		Very low certainty	Anxiety, stress and mood: One small crossover trial in 34 healthy adults found lower anxiety and stress after a single hemp CBG tincture than after placebo. It was one session in people without an anxiety disorder, and a co-author runs a CBG company. A rat study points to the 5-HT1A receptor.	^{13 29 30}
Better Sleep		Not enough evidence	Sleep problems: A 4-week randomized trial in Veterans with sleep problems found improved sleep scores in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between CBG and placebo. The authors say no firm conclusion can be drawn. What users say (surveys): Two online surveys of CBG users (127 and 239 people) report that most use it for anxiety, sleep or pain and rate it helpful. Surveys cannot show that CBG caused the improvement.	^{14 28 35}
Sleep Quality		Not enough evidence	Sleep problems: A 4-week randomized trial in Veterans with sleep problems found improved sleep scores in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between CBG and placebo. The authors say no firm conclusion can be drawn.	^{14 28 35}
Focus And Memory		Very low certainty	How it feels and effects on thinking tests: In small studies of healthy adults, CBG gave few noticeable effects: no sign of a high, no impairment on an app test, and a better verbal memory score in one trial. Single doses in a 12-person study led to small changes in self-rated Jittery, Active, Calm and Appetite.	^{13 46 48}
Stress Relief		Not enough evidence	What users say (surveys): Two online surveys of CBG users (127 and 239 people) report that most use it for anxiety, sleep or pain and rate it helpful. Surveys cannot show that CBG caused the improvement.	^{35 28}
Mental Wellbeing		Not enough evidence	Schizophrenia-like behaviour (animal research): In mice, CBG reduced behaviour changes caused by amphetamine or MK-801, drugs used to model schizophrenia-like changes. There are no human studies.	³¹
Brain Health		Not enough evidence	Huntington's disease models (animal research): In mice with chemically induced or genetic Huntington's-type disease, CBG improved movement and protected brain cells. No human trial exists. Treat this as early laboratory research.	^{42 30}
Healthy Appetite	Preliminary mechanism	Very low certainty	Appetite and weight loss (animal research): In rats, CBG increased eating and reduced weight loss caused by a chemotherapy drug. In the 12-person single-dose study, self-rated appetite rose at the highest step. There are no trials in patients.	^{8 9 46}
Gut And Digestive Health		Very low certainty	Gut inflammation and colitis (animal research): In two mouse colitis studies, CBG (alone or in a high-CBG hemp extract) reduced the signs of colitis. There are no human studies of CBG for inflammatory bowel disease.	^{6 4 30}
Pain Relief		Not enough evidence	Pain, especially nerve pain (animal and lab research): In mice with chemotherapy-induced nerve pain, CBG reversed touch hypersensitivity through alpha-2A receptors. In lab work CBG blocked the Nav1.8 pain-signal channel. A real-world study of capsule mixtures that included CBG cannot say what CBG did.	^{45 16 26}
Joint Health		Not enough evidence	Joint inflammation (animal research): In rats with collagen-induced arthritis, CBG improved clinical scores and lowered several inflammatory signals. No human trial of CBG for arthritis was found.	⁴⁹
Skin Health		Very low certainty	Skin irritation and redness (cosmetic use): A 20-person industry-run test found a 0.1% CBG serum improved water loss through irritated skin and redness better than placebo over 2 weeks. A 9-person ointment study combined CBG with CBD and had no placebo.	^{32 10}
Muscle Recovery		Very low certainty	Muscle soreness after exercise (combination product): A 40-person pilot of a CBD, CBG and amino-acid powder found less interference of soreness with daily activities, but the product held other ingredients so the effect cannot be credited to CBG.	³³
Heart Health		Not enough evidence	Blood pressure (animal research, and a caution): In mice, one injection of CBG lowered blood pressure through alpha-2 receptors. This is a physiology signal to watch for, not a treatment. No human blood-pressure data on CBG were found.	⁴³
Immune Wellness		Not enough evidence	Antibacterial and cancer-cell findings (laboratory research): In test tubes CBG slowed tooth-decay bacteria, and in cells and mice it slowed colon-cancer growth. These are lab results and are not evidence that CBG treats infection or cancer.	^{5 7 47}
Eye Health		Not enough evidence	Eye pressure (1984 animal study): In a 1984 study in cats, CBG lowered eye pressure with chronic dosing and did not cause the eye irritation seen with cannabinol. It has not been tested in people.	¹²

B. Body systems

Connected to	Kind of connection	Evidence status	Context	Studies
Nervous System	Biological association	Very low certainty	Studied for: Anxiety, stress and mood Studied for: Sleep problems	^{13 29 30 14 28 35 46 48 31 42 45 16 26 12}
Sleep Recovery	Biological association	Not enough evidence	Studied for: Sleep problems	^{14 28 35}
Digestive System	Biological association	Very low certainty	Studied for: Appetite and weight loss (animal research) Studied for: Gut inflammation and colitis (animal research)	^{8 9 46 6 4 30}
Musculoskeletal System	Biological association	Not enough evidence	Studied for: Joint inflammation (animal research) Studied for: Muscle soreness after exercise (combination product)	^{49 33}
Integumentary System	Biological association	Very low certainty	Studied for: Skin irritation and redness (cosmetic use)	^{32 10}
Cardiovascular System	Biological association	Not enough evidence	Studied for: Blood pressure (animal research, and a caution)	⁴³
Immune System	Biological association	Not enough evidence	Studied for: Antibacterial and cancer-cell findings (laboratory research)	^{5 7 47}

C. Body parts and organs

Connected to	Kind of connection	Evidence status	Context	Studies
Liver		Very low certainty	Liver tests stayed within normal after single amounts of 100 and 200 mg in 12 adults; repeated use not studied. Preparation or compound: CBG isolate, single amounts	⁴⁶
Cardiovascular system		Not enough evidence	Blood pressure fell 28 mmHg versus 12 with vehicle in mice, via alpha-2 receptors. Preparation or compound: CBG by injection in mice	⁴³

E. Health conditions

Connected to	Kind of connection	Evidence status	Context	Studies
Pregnancy	Contraindication	Very low certainty	Endometrial cell changes at 2 micromolar; no human data. Preparation or compound: CBG (cell studies)	^{2 1}
Product quality		Moderate certainty	Minor cannabinoids not on labels; THC in 52 of 81 samples. Preparation or compound: Hemp cannabinoid oils (CBD oils tested)	^{23 21}

I. Biomarkers

Connected to	Kind of connection	Evidence status	Context	Studies
Self-rated anxiety	Biological association	Very low certainty	Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	¹³
Self-rated stress	Biological association	Very low certainty	Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	¹³
Sleep problems index (MOS-SS SPI-II)	Biological association	Not enough evidence	Measured in trials: no change. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	¹⁴
Verbal memory test score	Biological association	Very low certainty	Measured in trials: raised. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	¹³
Drug-effect and impairment ratings	Biological association	Very low certainty	Measured in trials: no change. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	^{13 46}
Appetite and food intake	Biological association	Very low certainty	Measured in trials: raised. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	^{8 46}
Weight loss after chemotherapy (rats)	Biological association	Not enough evidence	Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	⁹
Colitis damage markers (mice)	Biological association	Very low certainty	Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	^{6 4}
Blood pressure (mice)	Biological association	Not enough evidence	Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	⁴³
Touch sensitivity (von Frey test, mice)	Biological association	Not enough evidence	Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	⁴⁵
Skin water loss and redness	Biological association	Very low certainty	Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	³²
Liver function tests (after single doses)	Biological association	Very low certainty	Measured in trials: no change. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit.	⁴⁶

J. Genes, receptors and enzymes

Connected to	Kind of connection	Evidence status	Context	Studies
CYP2C9		Very low certainty	Extract with a single major cannabinoid inhibited CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 metabolism; CBG is also metabolised by CYP2C9. Preparation or compound: CBG-rich cannabis extract (liver microsomes)	^{38 18}
CYP2C19	Biological association	Very low certainty	CYP2C19 is one of the enzymes that hydroxylate CBG. Preparation or compound: CBG (human hepatocytes and enzymes)	¹⁸
CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP2J2	Preliminary mechanism	In vitro	Human enzymes that break down CBG; a CBG-rich extract slowed CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 in liver preparations. Interaction effects in people are unknown.	^{18 34 38}
ADRA2A (alpha-2A adrenoceptor)	Preliminary mechanism	Lab animal	Mediates CBG's blood pressure fall in mice and nerve-pain effect in mice.	^{43 45}
HTR1A (5-HT1A receptor)	Preliminary mechanism	Lab animal	Linked to the anxiolytic-like effect of CBG in rats.	²⁹
TRPM8	Preliminary mechanism	In vitro	CBG blocks this channel; colon cancer cell growth effect depended on it.	⁷
SCN10A (Nav1.8)	Preliminary mechanism	In vitro	Sodium channel in pain-sensing neurons inhibited by CBG in lab tests.	¹⁶

L. Active compounds

Connected to	Kind of connection	Evidence status	Context	Studies
Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA)	Biological association	Review	The acid precursor: it is the common substrate for multiple cannabinoid synthases and, when decarboxylated, gives CBG. In dogs given a CBG/CBGA-rich hemp extract, CBGA was absorbed about 40-fold better than CBG. Preparation or compound: Not read in the sources	^{24 3 40}
Cyclo-CBG	Biological association	In vitro	The major metabolite formed when human CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 act on CBG; it and other oxidised metabolites reduced inflammation in mouse microglial cells in a lab test. Preparation or compound: Not read	³⁴
CBD (cannabidiol)	Biological association	In vitro	Made from CBGA by CBDA synthase in the plant. CBG is the more rapidly metabolised of the two in human hepatocytes in one lab study.	^{18 20}
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)	Biological association	Review	The intoxicating cannabinoid, also made from CBGA. In reviews CBG's affinity at cannabinoid receptors falls between THC and CBD.	³⁰
Other CBG-rich chemotype compounds	Biological association	In vitro	A detailed analysis of the CBG-rich chemotype IV found nine new phytocannabinoids; several were potent TRPA1 agonists and TRPM8 antagonists in cell assays. Preparation or compound: Cannabis sativa chemotype IV	¹⁵

Each connection is stored with the ingredient, the connected record, the kind of connection, the evidence status, the supporting studies, the preparation or compound involved, and a review date (last reviewed October 25, 2026).

Evidence at a glance: what changed in 9 lab markers

Tap a number to show only those markers. Counts are markers, not people.

Other72

The evidence

The research centre for CBG (Cannabigerol). Every record here was checked against PubMed or the publisher's page; we never list a study we have not verified.

Evidence by outcome

Bars show how many studies we found for each outcome, not how well it works. People are added up across trials only (reviews are not added, to avoid double counting).

How we rate evidence

High certainty

Several well-run trials or reviews agree; further research is unlikely to change the picture much.

Moderate certainty

Good trials point the same way, but some doubt remains.

Low certainty

Small, short or inconsistent trials. The finding could change with better research.

Very low certainty

Very little or very weak human data. Treat as a possibility only.

Mixed findings

Trials or reviews disagree with each other.

Not enough evidence

Not enough human research to say either way.

Evidence against

Good research found no benefit, or found harm.

We take the reviewers' own risk-of-bias and GRADE statements where they exist, and otherwise judge from study size, design, consistency, directness and whether a product matches what is sold. Many publications do not make evidence high. Method note: We searched PubMed and read the abstracts of the studies cited, and read the FDA cannabis questions-and-answers page in full. Compound identity was checked in PubChem. Lab numbers come from a table of published and state testing data and are not our own testing.

Study library: every study we checked 49

Design Research type Year from Search

Study	Design	People	Product, dose, length	Result
Alves 2025 Effects of cannabidiol, cannabichromene, cannabidivarin, cannabigerol and cannabinol in endometrial cells: Implications for endocrine and senescence modulation. Reprod Toxicol · PMID 40706771 · DOI	Laboratory research human cells	A human endometrial stromal cell line	Five phytocannabinoids including CBG 2 micromolar In cell culture · vs Untreated cells	CBG decreased oestrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) transcription and receptor protein and increased progesterone receptor gene expression. The authors suggest phytocannabinoids may disrupt endometrial hormone signalling and potentially affect female fertility. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Hormone receptor and endocannabinoid-system genes Limitations: Cell work only; fertility was not studied. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Alves 2026 The impact of cannabigerol exposure on human endometrial stromal cells decidualization. Toxicology · PMID 42107483 · DOI	Laboratory research human cells	A human endometrial cell line and primary endometrial stromal cells	CBG 1 to 10 micromolar in cells During decidualization induction · vs Untreated cells	CBG inhibited induction of the decidual marker genes PRL and IGFBP1 in the cell line but not in primary cells; IL-6 secretion was reduced early, and 34 genes linked to mitochondrial activity, lipid synthesis, inflammation and matrix remodelling changed. The authors say the changes may be a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Decidual marker genes, IL-6, gene expression Limitations: Cell work only; no pregnancy outcome was studied. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Amstutz 2022 Single dose and chronic oral administration of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid-rich hemp extract in fed and fasted dogs: Physiological effect and pharmacokinetic evaluation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther · PMID 35246858 · DOI	Animal research dog	Dogs, fed and fasted	Hemp extract rich in CBG and CBGA Hemp extract 2 mg/kg twice daily 2 weeks · vs Fed versus fasted	When CBG and CBGA were given in equal amounts, CBGA was absorbed about 40-fold better than CBG regardless of feeding. After two weeks, mean serum CBG was about 5 ng/ml and CBGA about 250 ng/ml with no difference between fed and fasted. Examinations, blood counts and chemistry suggested no adverse events in this short trial. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Serum CBG and CBGA; physical exam, blood counts, serum chemistry Limitations: Dogs, short trial; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Anderson 2024 High Cannabigerol Hemp Extract Moderates Colitis and Modulates the Microbiome in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther · PMID 39009468 · DOI	Animal research mouse	Mice with DSS-induced colitis	Commercial high-CBG hemp extract (20 mg/mL CBG, 20.7 mg/mL CBD, 1 mg/mL CBC) Hemp extract Daily 7 days · vs Matched vehicle	Daily extract reduced disease activity, increased colon length and reduced colon damage, shifted the gut bacteria and normalised several metabolic pathways. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Disease activity index, histology, colon length, gut microbiome, metabolites Limitations: Mouse model; the extract also held about as much CBD as CBG, so effects cannot be credited to CBG alone. Funding and conflicts: Research support from NIH (extramural); conflicts not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Aqawi 2021 Anti-Bacterial Properties of Cannabigerol Toward Streptococcus mutans. Front Microbiol · PMID 33967995 · DOI	Laboratory research bacteria	Streptococcus mutans bacteria in culture (a cause of tooth decay)	CBG Not given in the abstract Not given in the abstract · vs Untreated bacteria	CBG halted growth of S. mutans, changed the membrane (swelling, increased permeability, reduced metabolic activity) and prevented the drop in pH the bacteria cause. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Growth, membrane structure, acid production Limitations: Test-tube study; not a result in mouths or people. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Borrelli 2013 Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Pharmacol · PMID 23415610 · DOI	Animal research mouse	Mice with DNBS-induced colitis; mouse macrophages and intestinal cells	CBG Not given in the abstract Not given in the abstract · vs Untreated colitis	CBG reduced colon weight/length ratio, myeloperoxidase activity and iNOS expression, increased SOD activity and normalised interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma changes in colitic mice. In macrophages it reduced nitric oxide production, an effect modulated by the CB2 receptor. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Colon weight/length ratio, myeloperoxidase, iNOS, cytokines, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide Limitations: Mouse model and cells; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Borrelli 2014 Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid. Carcinogenesis · PMID 25269802 · DOI	Animal research mouse, human cells	Human colorectal cancer cells and mouse colon cancer models	CBG Not given in the abstract Not given in the abstract · vs Untreated cells and animals	CBG promoted cell death, raised reactive oxygen species and reduced growth in colorectal cancer cells, an effect reduced when TRPM8 was silenced. In mice it inhibited the growth of xenograft tumours and chemically induced colon carcinogenesis. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Cell growth, cell death, tumour growth Limitations: Cells and mice; not a human result and not evidence that CBG treats cancer. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Brierley 2016 Cannabigerol is a novel, well-tolerated appetite stimulant in pre-satiated rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) · PMID 27503475 · DOI	Animal research rat	Male Lister hooded rats	CBG by mouth 30 to 240 mg/kg Single doses; intake over 2 hours · vs Placebo	CBG caused no adverse effects in the neuromotor tolerability tests. At 120 to 240 mg/kg it more than doubled total food intake and increased the number of meals; at 240 mg/kg it shortened the time to start eating. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Neuromotor tolerability; food intake and meal pattern Limitations: Rat study at high doses per body weight; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Brierley 2019 Chemotherapy-induced cachexia dysregulates hypothalamic and systemic lipoamines and is attenuated by cannabigerol. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle · PMID 31035309 · DOI	Animal research rat	66 66 male rats given the chemotherapy drug cisplatin	CBG by mouth 60 or 120 mg/kg twice a day 72 hours · vs Vehicle only or cisplatin only	CBG at 120 mg/kg modestly increased food intake and attenuated cisplatin-induced weight loss from 6.3% to 2.6% at 72 hours (p<0.01), and partly normalised metabolic changes. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Food intake, body weight, muscle atrophy, plasma metabolites Limitations: Rat model of 3 days; no tumour-bearing animals; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Burczyk 2025 Evaluation of Biophysical Parameters of the Skin of Patients With Atopic Dermatitis After Application of an Ointment Containing 30% Cannabidiol and 5% Cannabigerol. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol · PMID 40124934 · DOI	Non randomised trial	9 9 adults with atopic dermatitis	Compounded ointment: 30% CBD, 5% CBG, cholesterol ointment and hemp seed oil Applied to the forearms · vs No placebo group described	The authors report improved skin hydration, sebum level and TEWL and reduced redness on the treated forearms. The abstract gives no numbers. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Skin hydration, sebum, transepidermal water loss, pH, erythema Limitations: Nine people, no placebo group, a CBD plus CBG ointment, so no effect can be credited to CBG; the abstract's conclusion about itching and remission goes beyond what the design can show. Funding and conflicts: Declared no conflicts of interest. Read: abstract
Calapai 2022 Pharmacological Aspects and Biological Effects of Cannabigerol and Its Synthetic Derivatives. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 36397993 · DOI	Narrative review review	Review of CBG literature	n/a	CBGA loses a carboxyl group under heat to form CBG. CBG is metabolised in the liver by CYP2J2 and is considered a partial agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors; other targets include TRP channels, COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, 5-HT1A and alpha-2 receptors. Preclinical findings include lower eye pressure, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-anxiety, neuroprotective, skin and appetite-stimulating effects. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and effects Limitations: Narrative review; mostly preclinical. Only the abstract was read. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Colasanti 1984 Intraocular pressure, ocular toxicity and neurotoxicity after administration of cannabinol or cannabigerol. Exp Eye Res · PMID 6499952 · DOI	Animal research cat, rat	Cats (eye drops) and rats (injections)	CBG as eye drops or osmotic minipump; injections in rats Cats 250 to 1000 micrograms as a drop or 20 micrograms/hour; rats 10, 30, 100 mg/kg 9 days (cats, chronic) · vs Cannabinol comparison	Chronic CBG lowered eye pressure in cats, with a larger effect than cannabinol. Unlike cannabinol, CBG did not cause conjunctival redness in cats or abnormal polyspike brain-wave discharges in rats, so the authors say its eye-pressure effect is somewhat separable from adverse eye and brain effects. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Eye pressure, eye irritation, brain-wave discharges Limitations: A 1984 animal study; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Cuttler 2024 Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial. Sci Rep · PMID 39003387 · DOI	Controlled trial	34 34 healthy adults (not selected for an anxiety disorder)	Hemp-derived CBG tincture Single 20 mg (study amount, not advice) Two sessions one week apart; one dose per session · vs Placebo tincture (crossover)	Compared with placebo there was a significant overall reduction in anxiety and a reduction in stress at the first rating after ingestion. Verbal memory was better. The authors found no evidence of subjective drug effects or impairment. The abstract gives no effect sizes. Lower anxiety and stress versus placebo (no numbers in abstract) Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Anxiety, stress and mood ratings; subjective drug effects; verbal memory; impairment (DRUID app) after a Trier Social Stress Test Limitations: One dose in one session over Zoom in healthy adults; says nothing about people with anxiety disorders or about repeated use. Abstract gives no numbers. Industry link: one co-author is founder and CEO of a company that formulates and works with CBG. Funding and conflicts: Grant from NCCIH (R01 AT010762). Conflict-of-interest statement: co-author ER is founder and CEO of CReDO science, which formulates and works with CBG; other authors report cannabis-industry study materials or consulting outside this work. Read: abstract
Emerson 2026 Effect of Cannabigerol on Sleep and Quality of Life in Veterans: A Decentralized, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids · PMID 41574318 · DOI	Controlled trial	63 63 Veterans with sleep problems randomised (33 CBG, 30 placebo); 35 completed without major protocol deviations	Oral CBG 25 mg daily for 2 weeks then 50 mg daily for 2 weeks (study amounts, not advice) 4 weeks after a 2-week run-in · vs Placebo (triple-blind)	Sleep scores improved but with no statistically significant difference between CBG and placebo. Similar patterns for quality of life and PTSD scores. CBG was well tolerated. The authors say no firm conclusion on efficacy can be made. No statistically significant difference from placebo Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Sleep quality (MOS-SS SPI-II, primary); quality of life (WHODAS-2.0-12); PTSD symptoms (PCL-5); Fitbit sleep data Limitations: Only 35 of 63 completed the study without major deviations; decentralised (at-home) design; no numbers in the abstract. Funding and conflicts: Conflict-of-interest statement: the first author is an employee, shareholder and officer of Metta Medical (dba LEVEL); other authors are employees of or consultants to the company that ran the study for Metta Medical. Registration: NCT05088018 Read: abstract
Gargiulo 2024 Phytochemical Characterization and TRPA1/TRPM8 Modulation Profile of the Cannabigerol-Rich Cannabis sativa L. Chemotype IV. J Nat Prod · PMID 38408345 · DOI	Laboratory research cells	Plant chemistry and cell-based receptor assays	Compounds isolated from a CBG-rich chemotype IV plant Cannabis sativa (CBG-rich chemotype IV)	The first detailed analysis of the CBG-rich chemotype IV found CBGA/CBG and CBDA/CBD and nine new phytocannabinoids. Several isolated compounds were potent TRPA1 agonists and TRPM8 antagonists. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Chemical characterisation; TRPA1 and TRPM8 activity Limitations: Plant chemistry and receptor assays; not a result in animals or people. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Ghovanloo 2025 Nav1.8, an analgesic target for nonpsychotomimetic phytocannabinoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · PMID 39835903 · DOI	Laboratory research cells	Cells carrying the Nav1.8 sodium channel; sensory neurons	CBG, CBD, CBN Not given in the abstract Not given in the abstract · vs Not given in the abstract	CBD, CBG and CBN each inhibited the Nav1.8 channel; CBG effectively inhibited excitability of peripheral sensory neurons. The authors say further in vivo studies are warranted. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Nav1.8 sodium-channel block; sensory neuron excitability Limitations: Lab study of a channel; not a pain result in animals or people. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Harvey 1990 In vitro metabolism of cannabigerol in several mammalian species. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom · PMID 2224182 · DOI	Laboratory research animal liver preparations	Liver microsomes from mice, rats, cats, guinea-pigs, hamsters, gerbils and rabbits	CBG	Twelve metabolites were identified; similar ones in each species but in different ratios. The major ones were single hydroxyl (monohydroxy) products and the epoxide-then-diol route. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Metabolites formed Limitations: 1990 test-tube study with animal liver preparations; human metabolism needs its own data. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Havlasek 2023 Hepatic biotransformation of non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids and activity screening on cytochromes P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol · PMID 37574147 · DOI	Laboratory research human cells and enzymes	Human hepatocytes and recombinant human enzymes	CBN, CBG, CBC, CBD	In hepatocytes the order of susceptibility to transformation was CBN > CBG > CBC > CBD. CBG was mostly metabolised by direct glucuronidation. CBG was hydroxylated mainly by CYPs 2B6, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6, and glucuronidated by UGTs 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 2B4, 2B7 and 2B17. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Metabolism and enzyme involvement Limitations: Lab study with human liver cells and enzymes; does not show interactions in people. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Hidvégi 2010 Detection of cannabigerol and its presumptive metabolite in human urine after Cannabis consumption. Pharmazie · PMID 20614687	Other	Urine samples of proven cannabis consumers (authority samples)	CBG taken in with smoked cannabis · vs Spiked urine for comparison	CBG was detected in urine after enzyme hydrolysis, showing it enters the body during cannabis smoking and leaves in urine in a conjugated (glucuronide) form. A presumed hydroxylated metabolite was also found but could not be fully identified. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Detection of CBG and a presumed hydroxy metabolite in urine (GC/MS) Limitations: Detection study, not a trial; number of samples not stated in the abstract; smoked cannabis contains many other cannabinoids. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Jastrząb 2022 The Origin and Biomedical Relevance of Cannabigerol. Int J Mol Sci · PMID 35887277 · DOI	Narrative review review	Review of CBG literature	n/a	Says CBG is formed by non-enzymatic decarboxylation of cannabigerolic acid, a key compound in phytocannabinoid biosynthesis, and is the precursor to various phytocannabinoids. Through G-protein-coupled receptors it shows anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, redox-balancing and neuromodulatory activity in lab work. It is present in much smaller quantities than THC or CBD. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Origin, biological activity Limitations: Narrative review; its optimism about treatment goes beyond the human data. Only the abstract was read. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Johnson 2022 Cannabidiol (CBD) product contamination: Quantitative analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations found in commercially available CBD products. Drug Alcohol Depend · PMID 35690015 · DOI	Product analysis product analysis	80 80 hemp-derived CBD oil products bought in central Kentucky, with Epidiolex as a control	Hemp-derived CBD oils · vs Epidiolex	THC was detected above the limit of quantification in 52 samples (0.008 to 2.071 mg/mL). 21 products were labelled "THC-Free" and 5 of them held detectable THC (0.015 to 0.656 mg/mL). Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Delta-9-THC concentration (LC-MS/MS) Limitations: About CBD oils, not CBG; shows why a hemp cannabinoid product may carry THC the label does not mention. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Johnson 2022 Label accuracy of unregulated cannabidiol (CBD) products: measured concentration vs. label claim. J Cannabis Res · PMID 35658956 · DOI	Product analysis product analysis	80 80 hemp-derived CBD products bought in central Kentucky (online and local retailers), with Epidiolex as a control	Hemp-derived CBD products · vs Label claim	Labels claimed 7.5 to 60 mg/mL CBD; analysis found 2.9 to 61.3 mg/mL. 37 of 80 products were at least 10% off the label (12 below 90%, 25 above 110%); concordance within 10% was 54%. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: CBD measured versus label claim (LC-MS/MS) Limitations: About CBD products, not CBG. Used here only to show that unregulated cannabinoid oils often do not match their labels; no CBG-specific label-accuracy study was found in the sources read. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Johnson 2025 Minor Cannabinoid Profile of Unregulated Cannabidiol Products. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res · PMID 39478329 · DOI	Product analysis product analysis	80 80 hemp-derived CBD oil products bought online and in shops in central Kentucky, with Epidiolex as a regulated control	Hemp-derived CBD oils · vs Epidiolex	Among the unregulated products the most often detected minor cannabinoids were CBDV (100% of samples), CBG (77%), CBC (72%), CBN (67%), CBL (67%) and CBDA (51%). Delta-8-THC was not detected. Concentrations varied from trace to several mg/mL, and the authors say the minor cannabinoids are largely absent from product labels. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Concentrations of 15 minor cannabinoids by LC-MS/MS Limitations: CBD oils from one region, not CBG products; shows that CBG turns up as an unlabelled extra and that the unregulated market is inconsistent. Funding and conflicts: Funding: U.S. Government support listed; conflicts not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Kearsey 2023 Biosynthesis of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid: the gateways to further cannabinoid production. Synth Biol (Oxf) · PMID 37323510 · DOI	Laboratory research lab	Laboratory (engineered bacteria)	n/a	States that the native cannabinoid pathway of Cannabis sativa makes cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), the common substrate for multiple cannabinoid synthases, and that its decarboxylated form CBG can be a gateway to other cannabinoids. The team built a bacterial (E. coli) system that makes CBGA and CBG using an engineered prenyltransferase. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: How CBGA and CBG are made Limitations: Biotechnology paper; relevant here for how the plant makes CBG and how CBG can be made without the plant. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Kolar 2024 Genotoxicity of selected cannabinoids in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Arch Toxicol · PMID 39172143 · DOI	Laboratory research human cells	Human TK6 cells	CBG, CBD, CBC, CBDV, CBN	CBG, CBD, CBC and CBN increased micronuclei formation (reduced with a metabolic activation system) and all five disturbed mitosis; CBG, CBD and CBDV caused cells to accumulate in G1. The effects occurred at about 1000-fold higher concentrations than reported blood levels from human consumption. The authors say further research is needed. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Micronuclei (DNA damage marker), mitosis, cell cycle Limitations: Cell work at high concentrations; does not show harm in people. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Kruger 2026 Assessing the Efficacy of Cannabinoid Compositions for Treating 3 Classes of Chronic Pain: A Real-World Evidence Study. Clin Ther · PMID 42140793 · DOI	Controlled trial	164 276 Californian adults with fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis or knee/hip osteoarthritis recruited; 168 completed all questionnaires; 164 analysed	Oral capsules, three different cannabinoid compositions (one holding 5 mg CBG together with THCA, CBDA and CBC) As listed in the abstract (study products) 12 weeks · vs No placebo; the three compositions were compared with each other	Per-protocol analysis found improvements across symptoms except cognitive function, from small to large, mostly not different between products. Participants on the composition that included CBG reported reductions in neuropathic pain intensity; the products differed for sleep disturbance. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Self-reported pain, mental health, cognitive and physical function Limitations: No placebo group and self-reported outcomes; the CBG was one small part of a multi-cannabinoid capsule, so no effect can be credited to CBG; about 40% did not finish. Funding and conflicts: Declared no competing interests (conflict-of-interest statement). Read: abstract
Lacerda 2025 Pharmacokinetics of Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoids. Pharmaceutics · PMID 40006604 · DOI	Narrative review review	Review of CBD, CBG, CBC and their acids	n/a	Pharmacokinetic parameters of these compounds are highly variable, depending on dose, formulation, route and diet. Brain penetration and first-pass metabolism are challenges. CBD is the best studied. More research is needed on CBG, CBC and their acid forms, and the biggest gap is clinical studies. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Pharmacokinetic parameters Limitations: Narrative review; only the abstract was read. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Lutz 2026 A Survey of Cannabigerol User's Patterns of Use, Perceived Efficacy and Satisfaction. J Psychoactive Drugs · PMID 42741890 · DOI	Cross sectional	239 239 users of CBG or CBGA	CBG/CBGA products (various) Self-chosen	Top conditions: insomnia or disturbed sleep (62%), inflammatory chronic pain (44%), anxiety (33%), episodic pain (29%), neuropathic chronic pain (28%). Participants generally said CBG/CBGA slightly to much improved symptoms. Users said effects began within 15 to 60 minutes of swallowing and lasted 4 to 6 hours. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Conditions treated, perceived efficacy and satisfaction, timing of effects Limitations: Self-reported survey with no control group, so it cannot show cause and effect. Its self-reported usual amounts are not repeated here. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Mendiguren 2023 Cannabigerol modulates α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated electrophysiological effects on dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus neurons and anxiety behavior in rat. Front Pharmacol · PMID 37305529 · DOI	Animal research rat	Male Sprague-Dawley rats (brain slices and behaviour tests)	CBG 30 micromolar on slices; 10 mg/kg injected Single · vs Vehicle / blocker WAY100635	In slices CBG reduced the effects of an alpha-2 agonist and of a 5-HT1A agonist. In the elevated plus maze it increased open-arm time, and in the novelty-suppressed feeding test it shortened the time to eat; the feeding effect was blocked by a 5-HT1A antagonist. The authors describe anxiolytic-like effects through the 5-HT1A receptor. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Firing rate of brain cells; elevated plus maze; novelty-suppressed feeding Limitations: Rat slices and behaviour tests; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Nachnani 2021 The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther · PMID 33168643 · DOI	Narrative review review	Review of lab, animal and early human literature	n/a	CBG is the precursor molecule for the most abundant phytocannabinoids. At the cannabinoid receptors its affinity and activity fall between THC and CBD, and it appears unique in its interactions with alpha-2 adrenoceptors and 5-HT1A. Studies indicate possible usefulness in Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease, and antibacterial activity. It is being marketed as a dietary supplement, with many claims but little research on this unregulated molecule. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: CBG pharmacology, possible uses and possible toxicological hazards Limitations: Narrative review; claims rest on lab and animal work. Only the abstract was read. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Pedrazzi 2026 Cannabigerol, a minor phytocannabinoid, prevents behavioral changes induced by psychotomimetic drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry · PMID 42692325 · DOI	Animal research mouse	Male Swiss mice	CBG by injection Not given in the abstract Single · vs Vehicle	CBG reduced the disruptive effects of amphetamine in the prepulse inhibition and open field tests and the impairments caused by MK-801 in social interaction, object recognition and prepulse inhibition. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Behaviour after amphetamine or MK-801 (open field, social interaction, object recognition, prepulse inhibition) Limitations: Mouse behaviour models of schizophrenia-like changes; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Perez 2022 In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties. Molecules · PMID 35056807 · DOI	Controlled trial	20 20 subjects with skin irritation induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (plus lab work on skin cells)	0.1% CBG serum made by yeast fermentation, applied to skin 0.1% serum 2 weeks · vs Vehicle (placebo) serum	CBG serum showed statistically significant improvement over placebo for TEWL and reduction in the appearance of redness. In skin-cell cultures, CBG reduced inflammatory cytokine release, in some cases more than CBD. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL); appearance of redness Limitations: Small, 2-week test of a cosmetic serum on irritated skin; says nothing about swallowed CBG. Industry-run. Funding and conflicts: Conflict-of-interest statement: authors are employees of Signum Biosciences or Willow Biosciences and hold stock or options. Read: abstract
Peters 2023 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). J Int Soc Sports Nutr · PMID 37947792 · DOI	Controlled trial	40 40 exercise-trained adults after experimentally induced muscle soreness	Combination beverage powder: CBD (35 mg), CBG (50 mg), beta-caryophyllene (25 mg), amino acids and magnesium citrate Twice a day (study product, not advice) 3.5 days · vs Placebo powder	One adverse event on the active product (diarrhea) and two on placebo. For soreness at 72 hours the estimate was -1.33 (85% CI -2.55 to -0.10). Interference with daily activities at 48 hours: -1.82 (95% CI -3.64 to -0.01). No significant effect on objective recovery, sleep quality or mood. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Soreness and its interference with daily activities; safety; objective recovery, sleep and mood Limitations: A combination product, so effects cannot be credited to CBG; small pilot; the soreness estimate uses an 85% interval. Funding and conflicts: Conflict-of-interest statement: several authors were employed by Canopy Growth Corporation and held stock options; one is employed by Charlotte's Web. Read: abstract
Roy 2022 Metabolites of Cannabigerol Generated by Human Cytochrome P450s Are Bioactive. Biochemistry · PMID 36223199 · DOI	Laboratory research human enzymes, mouse	Human P450 enzymes in the lab; mice given CBG; BV2 microglial cells	CBG	Cyclo-CBG was the major metabolite, rapidly formed by CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C8 and CYP2C9, and was also the major metabolite in mice. CBG and its oxidised metabolites reduced inflammation in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. The authors conclude CBG is rapidly metabolised by human P450s into bioactive oxidised products. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Metabolite identification and activity Limitations: Enzyme and cell work plus mice; not human blood data. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract (NIH extramural support listed). Read: abstract
Russo 2022 Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res · PMID 34569849 · DOI	Cross sectional	127 127 US adults (21+) who had used CBG-predominant cannabis (over 50% CBG) in the past 6 months, recruited online	CBG-predominant cannabis preparations (not CBG isolate) Self-chosen Past 6 months	Most common conditions treated: anxiety 51.2%, chronic pain 40.9%, depression 33.1%, insomnia 30.7%. Most said they were much or very much improved. 44% reported no adverse events; dry mouth 16.5%, sleepiness 15%, increased appetite 11.8%, dry eyes 8.7%. About 84.3% reported no withdrawal symptoms; sleep difficulty was the most common (two respondents). Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Reasons for use, perceived efficacy, adverse events, withdrawal symptoms Limitations: Self-selected online sample of existing users, self-reported, no control group; cannot show cause and effect; products were cannabis, not CBG alone. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Story 2024 Impact of Dietary Fat and Oral Delivery System on Cannabigerol Pharmacokinetics in Adults. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res · PMID 38574248 · DOI	Controlled trial	Adults in a double-crossover pilot (number not given in the abstract)	Oral CBG, isolate versus emulsified Single 25 mg (study amount, not advice) Single doses with a low-fat or high-fat meal · vs Other meal and delivery condition (crossover)	The high-fat meal gave significantly higher AUC, Cmax and terminal half-life and lower Tmax than the low-fat meal, for both delivery types. Dietary fat had a greater effect than the emulsified delivery vehicle. Bioequivalence between conditions was not met. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Plasma CBG (LC-MS/MS): AUC, Cmax, Tmax, half-life Limitations: Pilot; participant number not in the abstract; one dose; tells how the body absorbs CBG, not whether it works or is safe. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Toomey 2026 Serum cannabinoid profiles of emergency department patients presenting with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and acute cannabis intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) · PMID 42504769 · DOI	Cohort study	50 50 emergency department patients: 35 with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and 15 with acute cannabis intoxication	Blood levels of THC, THC metabolites, CBD, CBG, CBN (from cannabis use, not given in the study) · vs Intoxication group versus hyperemesis group	No significant differences in serum THC, THC metabolites, non-psychotropic cannabinoids (including CBG) or their ratios between the two groups. The authors say this argues against differential accumulation of these compounds as the cause of hyperemesis episodes. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Serum concentrations of cannabinoids Limitations: Single-centre retrospective study with uncontrolled host factors; about cannabis use, not CBG alone. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Treyer 2023 Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids · PMID 36814687 · DOI	Laboratory research human liver microsomes	Human liver microsomes	Four ethanolic cannabis extracts (THC-rich, CBD-rich, THC+CBD, and CBG-rich) and pure THC and CBD Cannabis extracts (including a CBG-rich one)	The extracts with a single major cannabinoid (CBD or CBG) inhibited CYP2C9- and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism more strongly than the extracts holding both THC and CBD. The coumarin drugs differed in their interaction profiles. The authors conclude cannabis extracts should be used cautiously with narrow-margin drugs such as coumarin anticoagulants, whatever the chemotype. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Inhibition of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4; effect on warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol metabolism Limitations: Lab study with whole extracts; the abstract does not isolate pure CBG; no human data. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
US Food and Drug Administration 2024 FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD): Questions and Answers FDA website · Source	Authoritative guidance n/a	n/a	n/a	Says the FDA has not approved a marketing application for cannabis for any disease or condition, and lists the approved cannabis-related medicines (Epidiolex, Marinol, Syndros, Cesamet); CBG is not among them. Says THC and CBD products are excluded from the dietary supplement definition. Says it is aware of potential adverse effects of cannabis products containing THC in pregnancy and lactation and that ACOG discourages cannabis use in pregnancy and when breastfeeding. The page does not mention cannabigerol or CBG. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: US regulator statements on approved products, supplements and pregnancy Limitations: A general regulator page about cannabis and CBD; the page itself says content current as of 07/16/2024. It does not rule on CBG. Read: full-text
US National Library of Medicine 2026 PubChem compound record: Cannabigerolic acid (CID 6449999) PubChem · Source	Reference database n/a	n/a	n/a	Retrieved through the PubChem REST API on 2026-10-25: formula C22H32O4, molecular weight 360.5, IUPAC name 3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid, InChIKey SEEZIOZEUUMJME-FOWTUZBSSA-N, CAS 25555-57-1 in the synonym list. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Chemical identity Limitations: A database record, not a study. Read: full-text
US National Library of Medicine 2026 PubChem compound record: Cannabigerol (CID 5315659) PubChem · Source	Reference database n/a	n/a	n/a	Retrieved through the PubChem REST API on 2026-10-25: formula C21H32O2, molecular weight 316.5, IUPAC name 2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol, InChIKey QXACEHWTBCFNSA-SFQUDFHCSA-N, CAS 25654-31-3 in the synonym list. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Chemical identity Limitations: A database record, not a study. Read: full-text
Valdeolivas 2015 Neuroprotective properties of cannabigerol in Huntington's disease: studies in R6/2 mice and 3-nitropropionate-lesioned mice. Neurotherapeutics · PMID 25252936 · DOI	Animal research mouse	Two mouse models of Huntington's disease	CBG Not given in the abstract Not given in the abstract · vs Untreated model mice	In 3-nitropropionate mice CBG improved motor deficits, preserved striatal neurons and reduced inflammation markers. In R6/2 mice it gave a much smaller but significant recovery in rotarod performance and partly normalised some gene expression. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Motor performance, striatal neurons, inflammation markers, gene expression Limitations: Mouse models; unknown whether it applies to people. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Vernail 2022 Acute Cannabigerol Administration Lowers Blood Pressure in Mice. Front Physiol · PMID 35615681 · DOI	Animal research mouse	Male C57BL/6J mice with radiotelemetry	CBG by injection into the abdomen 3.3 and 10 mg/kg Single dose, crossover · vs Vehicle	Mean blood pressure fell by 28 +/- 2 mmHg with 10 mg/kg versus 12 +/- 5 mmHg with vehicle (p=0.018); 22 +/- 2 mmHg with 3.3 mg/kg. The fall was blocked by an alpha-2 adrenoceptor blocker, suggesting an alpha-2 mechanism. The authors say this may be important for therapeutic use. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Mean blood pressure Limitations: Mouse study by injection; shows an effect to watch for, not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Vrba 2026 Cannabigerol and cannabidiol differ in their ability to affect the AhR/CYP1A pathway in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol · PMID 42134486 · DOI	Laboratory research human cells	HepG2 cells, human hepatocytes, human skin cells	CBG versus CBD	CBG had a negligible effect on AhR activity and CYP1A1 transcription. It raised CYP1A messenger RNA in all three cell types, weaker than CBD, without relevant changes in protein or activity. The authors conclude CBG is a poor modulator of this pathway in vitro. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: AhR activity and CYP1A expression and activity Limitations: Cell work; effect in people unexplored. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Wade 2025 Cannabigerol reverses mechanical allodynia through α2A-adrenergic modulation of thalamocortical signaling in chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Br J Pharmacol · PMID 41435878 · DOI	Animal research mouse	Mice with cisplatin-induced nerve pain	CBG, systemic and local Dose-dependent Not given in the abstract · vs With and without an alpha-2A blocker or gene knockdown	CBG reversed the touch hypersensitivity and the synaptic changes in a dose-dependent way that depended on alpha-2A adrenoceptors. It had no effect on locomotor activity. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Touch sensitivity (von Frey), synaptic recordings Limitations: Mouse model; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Wolinsky 2026 Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of oral cannabigerol in healthy adults. J Pharmacol Exp Ther · PMID 42575778 · DOI	Controlled trial	12 12 healthy adults	CBG isolate in medium-chain triglyceride oil Single ascending steps of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg, placebo placed at random in the sequence (study amounts, not advice) Single doses with sampling over 8 hours · vs Placebo (0 mg) within the same person	No drug-related adverse events occurred. Subjective effects were minimal: lower self-rated Jittery and Active at 50 mg, lower Calm at 100 mg, and higher Appetite at 200 mg. Pharmacokinetics were dose-orderly with large differences between individuals. Liver function tests never exceeded the upper limit of normal after the highest doses. The authors conclude CBG was well tolerated with no robust pharmacodynamic effects and that chronic dosing studies are needed. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Adverse events; subjective, cognitive and physiological responses; plasma CBG; liver function tests after the 2 highest doses Limitations: Only 12 people, single doses, 8-hour follow-up; liver tests were taken only after the two highest doses and only acutely. Does not show safety of repeated use. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Zagožen 2021 Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in Cannabis sativa L. Acta Pharm · PMID 36654096 · DOI	Narrative review review	Review	n/a	Says a high CBG content is found in plants with the B0 genotype. Reports that in mice or rats CBG showed anticancer properties against breast cancer, anti-inflammatory effects in murine colitis and stimulatory effects on feeding, and inhibition of aldose reductase. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Plant genetics and reported effects Limitations: Narrative review of animal and lab work. Only the abstract was read. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Zagzoog 2025 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabigerol (CBG) in the C57BL/6Crl mouse. Front Pharmacol · PMID 41446792 · DOI	Animal research mouse	C57BL/6Crl mice	CBG by mouth, injection or vein Not given in the abstract Blood sampling up to 24 hours · vs Compared with THC effects in earlier work	CBG was not intoxicating in mice at any route or blood concentration tested, and the authors conclude that even at high concentrations in cannabis products it would not produce THC-like intoxication. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Blood levels; catalepsy, body temperature, pain response, movement Limitations: Mouse study; "intoxicating" was measured with mouse tests. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract
Šteigerová 2025 Regulation of inflammatory pathways by cannabigerol in the collagen induced arthritis model in rats. Front Pharmacol · PMID 41230096 · DOI	Animal research rat	Rats with collagen-induced arthritis	CBG by mouth 30 mg per day Until day 29 · vs Saline placebo; methylprednisolone as an active comparison	Clinical scores were significantly better on CBG than placebo on day 29. CBG lowered several inflammatory signalling molecules (including NF-kB p65, STAT-3 and inflammasome components) and early IL-1 beta and TNF expression. The steroid comparison group improved earlier. Methods, limits and funding Outcomes: Clinical score (swelling, redness, stiffness), inflammatory signalling markers Limitations: Rat model; not a human result. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract. Read: abstract

What we do not know yet

What the evidence supports: nothing at high certainty. The best human evidence is a few small trials rated very low or insufficient.
No controlled trial of CBG alone in people who have an anxiety disorder, a sleep disorder, pain or bowel disease.
Liver effects of repeated use, interactions with medicines, and effects in pregnancy, children and older adults are unstudied.
No study has tested whether CBG products match their labels or carry THC.
Independent repeats are needed: several of the small human studies are linked to CBG companies.

How new research is added

New studies are found by a saved PubMed search and are placed in a review queue. A person reads each one before it changes any evidence rating or safety wording.

Lab markers

What changed in blood or saliva tests during trials. A changed number is not the same as feeling or being healthier, and we give no "normal ranges".

Other 12

▼

Self-rated anxiety

Lowered in trials

How anxious a person says they feel on a rating scale.

Very low certainty

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

It is how the anxiety trial judged whether CBG changed how calm people felt.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

A small change in healthy adults in one session; not proof of benefit in anxiety disorders.

Safety implication

No adverse effects were reported in the abstract; see the Safety tab.

Study	Result	People	Product
¹³	Significant overall reduction in anxiety compared with placebo (abstract gives no numbers).	34 healthy adults	Single CBG tincture versus placebo tincture, crossover

¹³

▼

Self-rated stress

Lowered in trials

How stressed a person says they feel, here around a stress test.

Very low certainty

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

Stress ratings were a main outcome in the trial.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Small and short-lived, single trial.

Safety implication

See the Safety tab.

Study	Result	People	Product
¹³	Reduction in stress compared with placebo at the first rating after the tincture.	34 healthy adults	Single CBG tincture versus placebo tincture

¹³

●

Sleep problems index (MOS-SS SPI-II)

No change in trials

A questionnaire score of how troubled a person's sleep is.

Not enough evidence

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

It was the main outcome of the Veterans sleep trial.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Both groups improved, which is common in sleep trials; the trial cannot support a claim.

Safety implication

CBG was described as well tolerated.

Study	Result	People	Product
¹⁴	Scores indicated improved sleep, but no statistically significant difference between CBG and placebo.	63 Veterans with sleep issues (33 CBG, 30 placebo)	Oral CBG for 4 weeks versus placebo

¹⁴

▲

Verbal memory test score

Raised in trials

How many words a person remembers on a memory test.

Very low certainty

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

It checks whether CBG harms or helps thinking.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

One outcome in one small trial; do not treat as a memory benefit.

Safety implication

No impairment was found on the DRUID app.

Study	Result	People	Product
¹³	Verbal memory was enhanced relative to placebo.	34 healthy adults	Single CBG tincture versus placebo

¹³

●

Drug-effect and impairment ratings

No change in trials

Ratings of how "high" or impaired a person feels, and an app test of impairment (DRUID).

Very low certainty

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

It checks whether CBG is intoxicating, as THC is.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Supports "not intoxicating at the amounts studied"; says nothing about long-term use or contaminated products.

Safety implication

See the Safety tab for driving and product-quality points.

Study	Result	People	Product
¹³	No evidence of subjective drug effects or impairment.	34 healthy adults	Single CBG tincture
⁴⁶	Subjective effects were minimal; no drug-related adverse events across single amounts up to 200 mg.	12 healthy adults	Single ascending amounts of CBG isolate versus placebo

^{13 46}

▲

Appetite and food intake

Raised in trials

How much an animal eats, or how hungry a person says they feel.

Very low certainty

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

It shows whether CBG stimulates eating.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Rat result at high doses; human result is one self-rating in 12 people.

Safety implication

No adverse effects on rat neuromotor tests; no drug-related adverse events in 12 people.

Study	Result	People	Product
⁸	At 120 to 240 mg/kg CBG more than doubled total food intake and increased the number of meals.	Pre-satiated male rats	CBG by mouth versus placebo
⁴⁶	Self-rated Appetite increased at 200 mg.	12 healthy adults	Single ascending CBG amounts

^{8 46}

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Weight loss after chemotherapy (rats)

Lowered in trials

Percent body-weight loss in rats given cisplatin over 72 hours.

Not enough evidence

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

It is the key cachexia (wasting) outcome in the rat model.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Animal research only.

Safety implication

No human data.

Study	Result	People	Product
⁹	CBG 120 mg/kg attenuated cisplatin-induced weight loss from 6.3% to 2.6% at 72 hours (p<0.01).	66 male rats	CBG by mouth twice a day versus vehicle

⁹

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Colitis damage markers (mice)

Lowered in trials

Colon weight/length ratio, colon length, disease activity and tissue damage in mice with colitis.

Very low certainty

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

They measure how severe the colitis is.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Two mouse studies; no human colitis data.

Safety implication

No human safety data in this setting.

Study	Result	People	Product
⁶	CBG reduced colon weight/length ratio, myeloperoxidase activity and iNOS expression.	Mice with DNBS colitis	CBG versus untreated colitis
⁴	The high-CBG extract reduced disease activity index and percent colon damage and increased colon length.	Mice with DSS colitis	High-CBG hemp extract versus vehicle for 7 days

^{6 4}

▼

Blood pressure (mice)

Lowered in trials

Mean blood pressure measured by implanted radio sensors in mice.

Not enough evidence

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

It tests a possible side effect or action through alpha-2 receptors.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Mouse study only.

Safety implication

A possible concern for people on blood pressure medicines, not yet tested in people.

Study	Result	People	Product
⁴³	-28 +/- 2 mmHg with 10 mg/kg versus -12 +/- 5 mmHg with vehicle (p=0.018); blocked by an alpha-2 antagonist.	Male C57BL/6J mice	CBG by injection versus vehicle

⁴³

▼

Touch sensitivity (von Frey test, mice)

Lowered in trials

How light a touch makes a mouse pull its paw away; a sign of nerve pain.

Not enough evidence

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

It is the standard animal measure of nerve-pain sensitivity.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Mouse study only.

Safety implication

No locomotor effect in mice; no human data.

Study	Result	People	Product
⁴⁵	CBG reversed mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent, alpha-2A-dependent way in cisplatin-treated mice.	Mice with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy	CBG systemic or local, with or without alpha-2A blockade

⁴⁵

▼

Skin water loss and redness

Lowered in trials

Transepidermal water loss (how much water leaves through the skin) and visible redness.

Very low certainty

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

They measure skin barrier damage and irritation.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Small, company-run, cosmetic use only.

Safety implication

Skin products are not the same as swallowed CBG.

Study	Result	People	Product
³²	CBG serum gave significant improvement over placebo for TEWL and reduction in redness after 2 weeks.	20 subjects with induced irritation	0.1% CBG serum versus vehicle

³²

●

Liver function tests (after single doses)

No change in trials

Blood tests (such as ALT) that show whether the liver is being stressed.

Very low certainty

Results and what it means

Why it was measured

Liver injury is a known concern with CBD, so the 12-person study checked it for CBG.

Statistical vs. clinical meaning

Reassuring for single doses only. Repeated use was not tested.

Safety implication

See the Safety tab; liver effects with repeated use are unknown.

Study	Result	People	Product
⁴⁶	Liver function tests never exceeded the upper limit of normal after the two highest single amounts.	12 healthy adults	Single CBG amounts of 100 and 200 mg

⁴⁶

Safety

What studies and official sources say about side effects, medicines and who should check first. Each point shows what kind of evidence it comes from.

Main points to know 10

Very little safety data in people; no CBG medicine exists. The FDA has approved no CBG medicine, and its cannabis Q&A page does not mention CBG at all. Human safety information comes from a few small studies: one 12-person single-dose study, one 63-person 4-week trial, one 34-person single-session trial and two online surveys. They found few problems, but they were short and small, and cannot rule out rarer or longer-term harm. Authoritative guidance ^{39 46 14 13}
Looks well tolerated in short, small studies. In 12 healthy adults given single amounts up to 200 mg, no drug-related adverse events occurred. The Veterans sleep trial called CBG well tolerated. In the first user survey (127 people) 44% reported no adverse events; the most common were dry mouth, sleepiness, increased appetite and dry eyes. Controlled trial ^{46 14 35}
Liver: reassuring for single doses, unknown for repeated use. In the 12-person study liver tests never exceeded the upper limit of normal after the two highest single amounts. There is no human study of liver effects after weeks or months of CBG. CBD, a related compound, can raise liver enzymes, but that finding has not been shown for CBG. Controlled trial ^{46 30}
Medicine interactions are untested in people. No interaction study of CBG with any medicine in people was found. In the lab, human liver enzymes CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 break CBG down, and a CBG-rich cannabis extract slowed CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 activity in liver preparations. In mice CBG lowered blood pressure through alpha-2 receptors. These are warning signs, not proven interactions. Ask a pharmacist. Laboratory research ^{18 38 43}
Products may not contain what the label says, and may hold THC. No study of CBG product labels was found in the sources read. In a Kentucky test of 80 hemp CBD oils, CBG was detected in 77% (mostly not on the label), 37 of 80 were at least 10% off their CBD label, and THC was found in 52 samples, including 5 of 21 labelled "THC-free". CBG products are unregulated, so the same problems are plausible. Product analysis ^{23 22 21 30}
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: no data; avoid unless a doctor says otherwise. No human data on CBG in pregnancy or breastfeeding were found. Two 2025 to 2026 lab studies on human womb-lining cells found CBG changed hormone receptors and markers of embryo implantation, which the authors say may be a risk for pregnancy outcome. These are cell studies only. For cannabis products that contain THC, the FDA and ACOG advise against use in pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Laboratory research ^{2 1 39}
Mental health, dependence and intoxication. In the trials CBG caused no sign of intoxication, and in mice it was not intoxicating at any route tested. Among 127 users of CBG-predominant cannabis, 84.3% reported no withdrawal symptoms. No study of abuse liability, or of CBG in people with psychosis or mood disorders, was found. A product that also holds THC, or is contaminated with it, can cause these effects. Cross sectional ^{13 48 35 21}
Driving and impairment. In the 34-person trial an app test found no impairment after one dose, but no on-road or machinery test was done and the dose and time window were limited. Because products can hold unlabelled THC and effects after repeated use are unknown, caution before driving is sensible. Controlled trial ^{13 21}
Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome is linked to THC cannabis, not shown for CBG. No report of this syndrome from CBG alone was found. In an emergency-department study of 50 patients, blood levels of CBG and other non-psychotropic cannabinoids did not differ between those with cannabis hyperemesis syndrome and those with acute intoxication. Cohort study ³⁷
Laboratory signals: DNA-damage markers and cell effects at very high concentrations. In human TK6 cells CBG increased micronuclei (a marker of DNA damage) and disturbed cell division, but only at about 1000-fold higher concentrations than reported blood levels after human use. The authors say more research is needed. This is not evidence of harm at product use. Laboratory research ²⁵

Side effects 8

Effect	How often	Severity and recovery	Evidence
No drug-related adverse events (single amounts up to 200 mg) Single doses, 8-hour follow-up; says nothing about repeated use.	0 drug-related events in 12 healthy adults; liver tests normal after the two highest amounts	not applicable Not applicable	Controlled trial ⁴⁶
Dry mouth Self-reported; the cannabis preparations held other cannabinoids.	16.5% of 127 users of CBG-predominant cannabis	mild Reversible	Cross sectional ³⁵
Sleepiness In a 12-person trial, self-rated Calm fell at 100 mg and Jittery and Active fell at 50 mg.	15% of 127 survey users	mild Reversible	Cross sectional ³⁵
Increased appetite Rats more than doubled their food intake at high doses (animal research).	11.8% of 127 survey users; higher self-rated Appetite at 200 mg in the 12-person study	mild Reversible	Controlled trial ^{35 46}
Dry eyes	8.7% of 127 survey users	mild Reversible	Cross sectional ³⁵
Diarrhea (combination product) A combination product, so cannot be credited to CBG.	1 event on the CBD plus CBG powder and 2 events (dry mouth, eye rash or swelling) on placebo among 40 people	mild Reversible	Controlled trial ³³
Lower blood pressure (possible) Mouse injection study; a possible concern for people on blood pressure medicines.	Not measured in people; mean blood pressure fell 28 +/- 2 mmHg in mice at 10 mg/kg versus 12 +/- 5 mmHg with vehicle	unknown in people Unknown	Animal research ⁴³
Well tolerated (4 weeks) Only 35 of 63 completed without major deviations.	Described as well tolerated; no numbers in the abstract	not applicable Not applicable	Controlled trial ¹⁴

Liver

There are no human data on liver effects of repeated CBG use. In 12 healthy adults, liver function tests never exceeded the upper limit of normal after single amounts of 100 and 200 mg. In lab work human liver cells break CBG down mostly by attaching a sugar group (glucuronidation), and CYP enzymes also act on it. The Nachnani review lists possible toxicological hazards for this unregulated molecule without settling them. CBD, a related compound, can injure the liver; that does not prove the same for CBG, but nobody has tested repeated CBG use for liver safety. ^{46 18 34 30}

How often. No rates of liver injury are known for CBG. The only human liver data are single-dose tests in 12 people.

Monitoring. No regulator guidance on liver tests for CBG exists. Anyone with liver disease, or who takes medicines that can affect the liver, should ask a doctor before using it.

This is a safety connection. It is not evidence that CBG (Cannabigerol) supports liver health.

Medicines and supplements 6

With	Why it matters	Importance	Evidence	What to do
Medicines handled by the liver enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2B6 or CYP3A4 prescription	In human liver preparations, CBG was hydroxylated mainly by CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, and a CBG-rich cannabis extract slowed CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 activity. CBG had only a weak effect on the AhR/CYP1A pathway.	Unknown. No study in people. In theory CBG could raise or lower levels of some medicines.	Laboratory research Very low certainty ^{18 38 44 34}	Ask a pharmacist before combining CBG with any prescription medicine.
Warfarin and other coumarin blood thinners anticoagulant	In liver microsomes, extracts rich in a single cannabinoid (CBD or CBG) inhibited CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 metabolism more strongly than THC plus CBD extracts; the three coumarin drugs differed in their profiles.	The authors advise caution with narrow-margin drugs such as coumarin anticoagulants. No study of CBG with warfarin in people was found.	Laboratory research Very low certainty ³⁸	Tell your prescriber before using any CBG product if you take warfarin.
Blood pressure medicines and other medicines that act on alpha-2 receptors prescription	In mice, CBG lowered blood pressure and the fall was prevented by an alpha-2 blocker.	Theory only. No human blood pressure data on CBG were found.	Pharmacological theory Very low certainty ^{43 29}	Ask a pharmacist if you take blood pressure, sedating or mood medicines.
Alcohol and other sedating medicines alcohol	Not studied for CBG. Survey users reported sleepiness (15%).	Unknown. No interaction data.	Cross sectional Not enough evidence ³⁵	Take care mixing with alcohol or sleep aids until more is known.
High-fat food food	In a human crossover pilot, a high-fat meal increased CBG exposure (AUC, peak level and half-life) compared with a low-fat meal.	Shows that the same product can give different blood levels depending on what is eaten; the effect on safety was not studied.	Pharmacokinetic study Low certainty ³⁶	No amounts are advised here.
THC, CBD and other cannabinoids in the same product prescription	Many CBG products are hemp extracts that also hold CBD, CBC, CBN or THC. In the Kentucky test, CBG appeared in 77% of CBD oils and THC in 52 of 81 samples.	Safety information for CBG alone may not apply to blended products; the CBD and THC pages list their own interactions.	Product analysis Moderate certainty ^{23 21}	Read the certificate of analysis for the exact batch.

Who should check first 9

Situation	Advice	Evidence
Pregnancy	No human safety data. Cell studies suggest changes in endometrial hormone and implantation markers. Avoid unless a doctor advises otherwise.	Laboratory research ^{2 1 39}
Breastfeeding	No data on CBG in human milk. The FDA says there are potential adverse effects of cannabis products containing THC, and ACOG discourages cannabis while breastfeeding. Talk to a doctor.	Authoritative guidance ³⁹
Children and teenagers	No studies of CBG in children or teenagers were found. Keep all products away from children.	Authoritative guidance ³⁹
Older adults	No CBG-specific data. Older adults are more likely to take medicines that interact, so ask a pharmacist first.	Pharmacological theory ¹⁸
Liver disease or taking medicines that affect the liver	Talk to a doctor first. Repeated-use liver safety is unknown.	Pharmacological theory ^{46 30}
Taking warfarin, blood pressure medicines or sedatives	Ask a pharmacist before use; lab and mouse signals exist.	Laboratory research ^{38 43}
Psychosis, mania or other serious mental illness	No human data. Products that hold THC can worsen these conditions. Talk to a doctor.	Pharmacological theory ²¹
Drug testing at work, sport or in custody cases	Hemp cannabinoid products can contain THC that is not on the label, which may show up on tests.	Product analysis ²¹
Needing to drive or operate machinery	No on-road testing. Be cautious, especially with unfamiliar products.	Controlled trial ¹³

Overdose, product quality and regulators

Summary. No toxic dose is established for people. In short human studies CBG caused few problems. Animal and cell work shows some signals at high doses or concentrations (blood pressure drop in mice, DNA-damage marker rise in cells), and also reassuring findings (no neuromotor effects in rats, no abnormal brain-wave discharges or eye irritation in animals).

Animal. Rats given 30 to 120 mg/kg by mouth showed no adverse effects on neuromotor tests. In 1984, CBG did not cause eye irritation in cats or abnormal brain-wave discharges in rats. In dogs, 2 mg/kg twice daily for 2 weeks showed no adverse events on physical exams, blood counts or chemistry. In mice CBG injection lowered blood pressure.

Human doses studied. Studied amounts ranged from a single 20 mg tincture to single steps up to 200 mg and a stepped 25 to 50 mg daily course for 4 weeks. These are study amounts only and not advice.

High dose or long term signals. No long-term human data. In TK6 cells CBG raised micronuclei at about 1000-fold higher concentrations than reported blood levels. In endometrial cell lines it altered hormone-receptor genes at 2 micromolar.

Overdose response. Not studied. The highest single amount tested in people was 200 mg, with no drug-related adverse events.

Genotoxicity. Cell study only: micronuclei increase and mitotic disturbance in human TK6 cells at very high concentrations; reduced with metabolic activation. Relevance to people is unknown.

CBG products are sold as supplements and extracts without the quality checks that apply to medicines. No study of CBG product accuracy was found in the sources read. The closest evidence is from CBD oils.

CBG as an unlabelled extra. In 80 hemp CBD oils bought in central Kentucky, CBG was detected in 77% of samples and the authors say minor cannabinoids are largely absent from labels. ²³

Amount versus label (CBD oils). In the same family of 80 CBD products, 37 held CBD concentrations at least 10% above or below the label (12 below 90%, 25 above 110%); only 54% were within 10%. This was not tested for CBG. ²²

THC contamination (CBD oils). THC was found in 52 of 81 samples (0.008 to 2.071 mg/mL), including 5 of 21 labelled "THC-Free". The same risk may apply to CBG products made from hemp or cannabis extracts. ²¹

Marketing and regulation of CBG. A 2021 pharmacology review says CBG is currently marketed as a dietary supplement, with many claims but little research on this unregulated molecule. ³⁰

Body	Action	Date
US Food and Drug Administration (United States)	Its cannabis Q&A page says the FDA has not approved a marketing application for cannabis for any disease or condition. It lists the approved cannabis-related medicines (Epidiolex, Marinol, Syndros, Cesamet); CBG is not among them. The page does not mention CBG or cannabigerol. source	2026-10-25
US Food and Drug Administration (United States)	Says THC and CBD products are excluded from the dietary supplement definition. The page does not say whether CBG is, and no FDA ruling on CBG specifically was found. source	2026-10-25
US Food and Drug Administration (United States)	Says it is aware of potential adverse effects of cannabis products containing THC in pregnant or lactating women, and that ACOG recommends stopping cannabis use in pregnancy and discourages it while breastfeeding. This statement concerns THC-containing cannabis, not CBG specifically. source	2026-10-25

When to get medical help

A child has swallowed any CBG or cannabis product, or an adult took far more than intended: call a poison center or emergency number (in the US, 1-800-222-1222).
Very hard to wake, slow or shallow breathing, or confusion, especially after mixing with alcohol or sedating medicines: call emergency services.
Rash, swelling of the face, lips or throat, or trouble breathing: possible allergic reaction. Get emergency care.
Yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, pain in the upper right belly or severe tiredness: possible liver problem. Stop and call a doctor now.
Fainting, a very slow heartbeat or severe dizziness, especially if you take blood pressure medicines: get medical help.
Easy bruising, nosebleeds or other bleeding if you take warfarin: call your prescriber today.
Thoughts of suicide or self-harm, or new severe mood or behaviour changes: get urgent help.

Stop using the product and contact a clinician or emergency service. In the US, Poison Control is 1-800-222-1222.

General information only, not medical advice. Ask a clinician or pharmacist before use, especially with medicines, in pregnancy or with a health condition. See the Natural Remedy Safety guide.

Frequently asked questions

What is CBG?

CBG (cannabigerol) is a compound made by the cannabis plant that does not cause a high. The plant makes it from CBGA, its acid form. It is found in much smaller amounts than THC or CBD. There is no approved CBG medicine, and human research is very thin.

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What is CBGA, and why is it called the "mother" cannabinoid?

CBGA (cannabigerolic acid) is the acid form the plant makes first. It is the common starting material that other enzymes turn into the acid forms of THC, CBD and other cannabinoids. CBGA that is not converted loses a carbon dioxide unit with heat and becomes CBG.

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Does CBG get you high?

It did not in the studies. A 34-person trial found no sign of drug effects or impairment after a single hemp CBG tincture, a 12-person study found minimal effects at amounts up to 200 mg, and in mice CBG was not intoxicating by any route tested. A product that also holds THC could still do so.

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Does CBG help with anxiety?

Possibly a little, but the evidence is very thin. One crossover trial in 34 healthy adults found lower anxiety and stress after a single dose than after placebo. It was one session in people without an anxiety disorder, and one author runs a CBG company. A rat study suggests a 5-HT1A receptor route. It is not an approved treatment.

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Does CBG help me sleep?

Not shown. A 4-week trial in 63 Veterans with sleep problems found improved scores in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between CBG and placebo, and only 35 finished without major deviations. In surveys, many users say they take it for sleep, but surveys cannot show cause and effect.

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Does CBG relieve pain or inflammation?

There is no good human evidence. In mice, CBG reversed nerve-pain sensitivity and reduced colitis, and in rats it improved arthritis scores, but these are animal results. The one human pain study compared three capsule mixtures with no placebo, and only one held a little CBG.

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Is CBG an approved medicine?

No. The US FDA has approved no CBG medicine, and its cannabis Q&A page does not mention CBG. The one approved CBD medicine is a prescription solution for certain epilepsies and does not apply to CBG. CBG products are unregulated shop items.

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What are the side effects of CBG?

Few were seen. In 12 healthy adults given single amounts up to 200 mg, no drug-related adverse events occurred. In a survey of 127 users of CBG-predominant cannabis, 44% reported none, and the most common were dry mouth (16.5%), sleepiness (15%), increased appetite (11.8%) and dry eyes (8.7%). Studies were small and short, so rarer or longer-term effects are unknown.

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Can CBG hurt the liver or interact with my medicines?

Not known. Liver tests stayed normal after single amounts in 12 adults, but repeated use has not been tested. No interaction study in people exists. In the lab, liver enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2B6 break CBG down, and a CBG-rich extract slowed CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. In mice it lowered blood pressure. Ask a pharmacist, especially if you take warfarin.

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Do CBG products contain what the label says?

We found no test of CBG products. In 80 hemp CBD oils, CBG turned up in 77% mostly without being on the label, 37 of 80 were at least 10% off their CBD label, and THC was found in 52 of 81 samples, including 5 of 21 labelled "THC-free". CBG products are unregulated, so the same problems are possible. A batch certificate from an independent lab is the only check.

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Is CBG safe in pregnancy or while breastfeeding?

Not shown to be safe. There are no human data. Two lab studies on human womb-lining cells found CBG changed hormone receptors and implantation markers, which the authors say may be a risk for pregnancy outcome. The FDA notes concerns about THC-containing cannabis products in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Talk to a doctor.

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Can I drive after taking CBG?

Be cautious. An app test found no impairment after one dose in 34 healthy adults, but no on-road test has been done, effects of repeated use are unknown, and hemp products can carry unlabelled THC. Do not drive if you feel any effect.

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Editorial transparency

Written by: AlternativeMed editorial team. Research compiled with AI assistance, then checked against PubMed records.
Medical review: None. This page has not been reviewed by a physician or pharmacist.
First published: 2026-10-25
Last substantive update: 2026-10-25
How we research: We searched PubMed and read the abstracts of the studies cited, and read the FDA cannabis questions-and-answers page in full. Compound identity was checked in PubChem. Lab numbers come from a table of published and state testing data and are not our own testing.
How we rate evidence: See "How we rate evidence" in the Evidence tab.
Independence: No product is promoted on this page. No affiliate links are shown, and none will be added for CBG. This page is information, not a recommendation to use any product.

Sources 49

Each source was opened and checked. Where we read only the abstract, it says so. The small numbers in the text point here.

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Education, not medical advice. This page is for general information. It does not diagnose or treat any condition and is not a substitute for care from a qualified health professional. Natural does not automatically mean safe. Ask a clinician or pharmacist before changing your care, especially if you take medication, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or have a health condition.