Liver

Nutrients connected to Liver

A link means the body needs the nutrient for this, or that low intake is linked to it. It does not mean extra supplements help if your intake is already adequate; each link shows how strong the evidence is.

• Curcumin (turmeric supplements)Documented risk

  Liver injury has been reported with turmeric or curcumin supplements, especially highly absorbable products; stopping the product is advised if symptoms appear. Early research on fatty liver measures is also mixed.

• Green tea extract and EGCGDocumented risk

  EFSA found trials of 800 mg or more EGCG a day as a supplement raised liver enzyme markers; this describes trial results, not a recommended amount.

• Choline (supplement forms: bitartrate, phosphatidylcholine and others)Deficiency link

  Phosphatidylcholine made from choline carries fat out of the liver; low choline led to liver fat and raised liver enzymes in studies.

• AshwagandhaDocumented risk

  Case series document supplement-linked liver injury, usually cholestatic or mixed and often reversible after stopping.

• TurmericDocumented risk

  Liver injury has been reported with turmeric products, especially those made to be absorbed better. A US case series described mostly liver-cell injury starting about 1 to 4 months after use began, with one death. Stop and see a provider for dark urine, yellow skin or eyes, nausea or fatigue.

• Aloe veraDocumented risk

  NCCIH reports cases of acute hepatitis linked to oral aloe leaf extracts, and two published case reports describe it. Case reports show a possible link, not how common it is.

• Gotu kolaDocumented risk

  Case reports link oral gotu kola to hepatitis and jaundice; how often is unknown.

• NoniDocumented risk

  Liver injury has been reported after drinking noni juice or tea for several weeks; it is unclear whether noni was the cause.

• Black cohoshDocumented risk

  Rare cases of liver damage have been reported; stop and seek care for dark urine, yellow skin or eyes, or severe upper stomach pain.

• ButterburDocumented risk

  The raw plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can damage the liver, and rare liver injury has been reported even with products labeled PA-free.

• ComfreyDocumented risk

  Comfrey taken by mouth is linked to liver injury through its pyrrolizidine alkaloids; this is a risk, not a benefit.

• Guduchi (giloy)Documented risk

  LiverTox and a 43-patient Indian study describe clinically apparent liver injury after guduchi use, often within about 46 days. Some authors argue a look-alike species may be to blame.

• He shou wuDocumented risk

  Reports and case series link this root to liver injury, so it is a liver risk rather than a liver aid.

• KavaDocumented risk

  Kava products have been linked to rare but serious or fatal liver injury, including liver failure needing transplant. Memorial Sloan Kettering says the liver risk outweighs any benefits.

• WormwoodDocumented risk

  The EU monograph lists liver disease and bile duct disease as reasons not to use wormwood, and a 2025 report describes toxic hepatitis after large amounts. This is a caution, not a benefit.

• BupleurumDocumented risk

  The liver is the main organ affected in reported bupleurum toxicity; animal studies of protection do not show benefit in people.

• CorydalisDocumented risk

  Liver injury has been reported in people using corydalis products, and animal studies describe liver damage at high amounts of raw extract. How often it happens is not known.

• Reishi (lingzhi)Documented risk

  Liver injury has been reported with reishi, mostly with powders, including one fatal case. People with liver disease should ask a clinician before using it.

• Almond mushroom (Agaricus subrufescens)Documented risk

  Case reports link Agaricus blazei extracts to severe liver injury in people with cancer, including two deaths. Frequency is unknown.

• ColtsfootDocumented risk

  Coltsfoot can contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which damage the liver; the EU herbal committee describes blocked liver veins and cirrhosis from toxic PAs.

• PennyroyalDocumented risk

  Swallowed pennyroyal oil or tea has caused severe liver injury, liver failure and death.

• RueDocumented risk

  Swallowed rue has been linked to liver impairment and, in severe cases, multi-organ failure. A safety caution, not a benefit.

• TansyDocumented risk

  Liver inflammation and damage are listed as possible poisoning effects.

• Garcinia cambogiaDocumented risk

  NCCIH and a 2025 review describe liver injury reports with Garcinia products, including severe cases, a death and liver transplants. Most cases involved other products or medicines, so the true risk is uncertain.

• Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua)Documented risk

  Case reports and a regulator's alert link Artemisia annua tea and extract supplements to liver inflammation.

• Calamus (sweet flag)Documented risk

  Asarone caused liver cancer in rodents (EMA); human liver data were not found in the sources read.

• Usnea (old man's beard lichen)Documented risk

  Usnic acid supplements have been linked to acute hepatitis and liver failure, including transplants and a death. Serious safety problem.

• TurmericDocumented risk

  Liver injury has been reported with turmeric and curcumin supplements, especially highly absorbable forms; this is a safety link, not a benefit.

• Bakuchi (babchi)Documented risk

  Published case reports link bakuchi products to liver injury.

• Gardenia fruit (zhi zi)Documented risk

  High doses of geniposide injured the liver in rats. No human trial or case report was found, and some animal studies report liver-protective effects, so the picture is mixed.

• Xanthium (cang er zi, cocklebur)Documented risk

  Liver necrosis in poisoned cattle and liver injury in mice and in a human case.

• Horse mushroomDocumented risk

  The deadly death cap, reported to be confused with horse mushroom, causes liver failure after a delay of many hours.

• Gravel root (Joe-Pye weed)Documented risk

  A consumer drug reference warns that gravel root may contain liver-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids; close relatives do, but gravel root itself was not analysed in the sources read.

• Death capDocumented risk

  Amatoxins destroy liver cells and cause acute liver failure.

• Destroying angelDocumented risk

  Amatoxins in destroying angels damage liver cells; acute liver failure and transplant are reported.

• False MorelDocumented risk

  Liver injury occurred in 53.7% of published ingestions and 16.9% of symptomatic Michigan cases.

• Funeral bellDocumented risk

  Amatoxins from the funeral bell group destroy liver cells and can cause liver failure; this is a poisoning, not a benefit.

• Greater celandineDocumented risk

  Case series describe liver-cell injury with jaundice, usually improving after the herb is stopped; the cause is not established.

• Chaparral (creosote bush)Documented risk

  Chaparral products have been linked to serious liver injury, some needing a transplant.

• SassafrasDocumented risk

  Safrole caused liver tumors in rats and mice, and the US National Toxicology Program lists it as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. This is a documented risk, not a benefit.

• Sophora flavescens (ku shen)Documented risk

  Studied for hepatitis B and also linked to liver toxicity of matrine in animal and cell studies.

• BorageDocumented risk

  Borage leaf and flower contain liver-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids; borage oil should be used only if certified free of them, and not by people with liver disease (Memorial Sloan Kettering, EU committee).

• Thunder god vineDocumented risk

  Liver problems are listed by NCCIH; animal studies show liver injury from triptolide.

• Deadly parasolDocumented risk

  Amatoxins destroy liver cells and can cause acute liver failure; explanted livers in the Iranian series showed massive necrosis.

• Cinnamon twig (gui zhi)Documented risk

  Cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, and liver interactions have been reported; people with liver disease should be careful. Twig amounts were not found.

• Sheathed woodtuftDocumented risk

  Caused by amatoxins in the funeral bell, a deadly look-alike reported to be confused with sheathed woodtuft; not by sheathed woodtuft itself.

• Clove OilDocumented risk

  Swallowed clove oil caused severe liver failure in infants and toddlers in case reports; LiverTox says overdose can cause severe liver injury.

• Pennyroyal Oil (Dangers)Documented risk

  Pulegone and its breakdown products affect the liver in poisoning cases.

• Comfrey and Coltsfoot TeasDocumented risk

  Veno-occlusive liver disease after PA-containing teas, including a fatal adult case and a child who recovered.

• Kava, Kratom and Blue Lotus TeasDocumented risk

  NCCIH links kava products, including water beverages, to rare serious or fatal liver injury; FDA lists liver toxicity among kratom warnings.

• Pennyroyal Tea (Dangers)Documented risk

  Liver failure is the best-documented harm, including in infants.

• Wormwood Tea (Dangers)Documented risk

  Toxic hepatitis with one death after liver transplant was reported.

• Fat Burners and Weight-Loss BlendsDocumented risk

  Case reports and a US outbreak investigation link weight-loss supplements to liver injury; exact ingredients were often unclear.

• Vitamin ADocumented risk

  The liver stores vitamin A, and very high levels are linked with an enlarged liver. Liver foods are very rich sources.

• Vitamin KEstablished role

  The liver uses vitamin K to make clotting factors II, VII, IX and X.

• Vitamin B3 (niacin)Documented risk

  Long-term high doses could lead to liver damage.

• IronDocumented risk

  Too much iron in haemochromatosis builds up and can damage the liver.

• CopperDocumented risk

  Long-term high doses of copper can damage the liver, and in Wilson disease copper builds up there.

• N-acetylcysteineClinically supported

  Acetylcysteine is a hospital antidote for paracetamol overdose, given by clinicians. Supplements are not a substitute, and evidence for liver benefit in healthy people was not found.

• DandelionDocumented risk

  The EU herbal committee lists liver disease as a reason not to use dandelion root with herb. Dandelion has not been shown to protect the liver.

• RosemaryDocumented risk

  Liver disease needs medical supervision before using rosemary leaf by mouth, per the EU monograph.

• Artichoke leafDocumented risk

  The EU monograph excludes people with liver disease from self-use. A small pilot trial in fatty liver reported better liver tests but is not confirmed.

• CinnamonDocumented risk

  Coumarin in cassia cinnamon and the liver: caution with prolonged use and liver disease.

• Milk ThistlePreliminary or mixed

  Milk thistle is traditionally used for the liver, but NIH says trial results in liver disease are conflicting or too limited for firm conclusions, and two NIH-funded trials (hepatitis C and fatty liver with inflammation) showed no benefit.

• Pelargonium (Umckaloabo)Documented risk

  Liver problems have been reported, frequency not known; whether the plant caused them is disputed. Stop and see a doctor if liver warning signs appear.

• SkullcapDocumented risk

  Linked to clinically apparent liver injury in several instances, usually alongside other botanicals.

• TribulusDocumented risk

  Case reports of severe liver injury; individual cases only.

• RooibosDocumented risk

  Case reports link rooibos to liver problems (raised enzymes, liver injury); rare, and usually improved after stopping.

• Horny goat weedDocumented risk

  Two Epimedium-leaf products have been linked to liver injury in people.

• Baikal skullcapDocumented risk

  Liver injury that settled after stopping and returned on restarting has been reported; about 1 in 1,000 treated people had confirmed injury in one hospital study.

• BonesetDocumented risk

  All 49 boneset samples tested contained pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a compound family linked to liver disease; human liver injury from boneset itself was not found in the sources read.

• KratomDocumented risk

  Case reports link kratom to liver injury, mostly cholestatic; 4 of 32 published cases needed a transplant.

• Honey mushroomDocumented risk

  Same point: the deadly look-alike damages the liver; honey mushroom is not known to.

• Antrodia camphorataPreliminary or mixed

  The most studied target; small trials with mixed results.

• Bayberry (wax myrtle)Documented risk

  Consumer references list liver damage as a possible effect of swallowed bayberry. A safety caution, not a benefit.

• LungwortDocumented risk

  Possible exposure to liver-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids; unquantified for lungwort products.

• Black pepperDocumented risk

  Piperine affects liver enzymes that break down drugs; clinical importance must be assessed.

• CinnamonDocumented risk

  Coumarin in cassia and the liver.

• Chitrak (Ceylon leadwort)Documented risk

  Liver was a main target organ in rat studies and a review lists liver damage.

• ClovesDocumented risk

  Clove oil caused liver damage in toddlers; this is about the oil, not the spice in cooking.

• Kutaja (kurchi)Documented risk

  A three-month rat study of an extract found liver damage at doses far above the human dose; no human liver data was read.

• SpirulinaDocumented risk

  Cyanotoxin contamination of supplements is a documented liver risk; liver injury from spirulina itself is described as very rare.

• BoldoDocumented risk

  Case reports describe liver injury after boldo tea, and the EU contraindicates boldo in liver disease.

• EpazoteDocumented risk

  TRAMIL contraindicates oral use in liver disease and lists liver damage among effects of the oil.

• Japanese knotweed (hu zhang)Documented risk

  Emodin in the root could harm the liver at high doses and with long-term use, based on lab and animal work. Human safety data for the root were not found.

• Evodia (wu zhu yu)Documented risk

  A 2025 review calls the fruit mildly toxic and says it has obvious toxic effects on the human liver; animal and cell studies show liver damage. Details of human cases were not read.

• Bitter leafDocumented risk

  Fatal liver failure reported in a case after use to end a pregnancy. One case cannot prove cause.

• KhatDocumented risk

  One Ethiopian hospital study found a dose-related link with chronic liver disease.

• WatercressDocumented risk

  Wild watercress can carry liver-fluke larvae that settle in the liver and bile ducts (CDC).

• Sweet clover (melilot)Documented risk

  Melilot contains coumarin, which is liver-toxic at high doses; human liver reports are mostly at higher daily amounts and some people seem more sensitive. People with liver disease should ask first.

• FumitoryDocumented risk

  EMA advises against fumitory with liver disease, and one acute hepatitis case was reported with a fumitory-containing multi-herb product.

• Cassia seed (jue ming zi)Documented risk

  Rat studies and a cited case analysis link cassia seed extracts and their anthraquinones to liver injury. Human risk from tea is unknown.

• Capillary wormwood (yin chen hao)Preliminary or mixed

  Used in Chinese medicine for jaundice and liver complaints. Human trials are of the three-herb formula and small and short; single-herb evidence is lab and animal only. Case reports also link Yin Chen Hao to liver injury.

• WatercressDocumented risk

  Wild watercress can carry liver fluke larvae; the parasite infects the liver and bile ducts.

• Taxillus (sang ji sheng)Documented risk

  A 2022 review says the plant shows liver toxicity and may cause complications in people with liver disease; supporting data were not found in the part we read.

• Deadly ConocybeDocumented risk

  Amatoxins, the toxins reported in this species, cause liver damage; no human case of this species was found, so the course is taken from amatoxin poisoning in general.

• Sweet woodruffDocumented risk

  Large amounts of coumarin over a long period can affect the liver in sensitive people (AGES, BfR). Reversible after stopping in the case AGES describes.

• Autumn crocus (colchicum)Documented risk

  Liver impairment is described after autumn crocus poisoning.

• Tonka beanDocumented risk

  Coumarin liver effects in animals and in a small subgroup taking it as a drug; usually reversed after stopping.

• PeanutsDocumented risk

  Aflatoxin exposure from contaminated peanuts is linked to liver cancer.

• Nut & Seed Butters (overview)Documented risk

  Aflatoxin from moldy peanuts is a liver toxin and a liver cancer risk per WHO.

• Green TeaDocumented risk

  Extract at 800 mg EGCG a day or more raised liver blood tests; the drink is judged generally safe, with rare reports.

• Rooibos TeaDocumented risk

  Three liver case reports are described by MSK.

• Rosemary TeaDocumented risk

  EU precaution for liver disease; no liver injury from the tea is reported in the sources we read.

• Skullcap TeaDocumented risk

  Liver injury reports (LiverTox) and germander adulteration.

• Ashwagandha TeaDocumented risk

  Liver injury reports with supplements.

• Turmeric TeaDocumented risk

  Liver injury reports (DILIN, Italy) involve supplements.

• Cinnamon TeaDocumented risk

  Coumarin hepatotoxicity in animals and sensitive people; LiverTox notes rare cinnamon reports.

• Chai (Spiced Tea Blend)Documented risk

  NCCIH says prolonged use of cassia could be an issue for people with liver disease.

• Cassia OilDocumented risk

  Coumarin in cassia cinnamon has been linked to liver problems in reports (NCCIH); the oil's coumarin content is not described in the sources read.

• Blue-Green Algae (AFA)Documented risk

  Microcystins are liver toxins; MSK says contaminated products may cause liver damage.

• Children's MultivitaminsDocumented risk

  Iron overdose can cause severe liver damage 2 to 5 days later.

• Joint Formulas (Glucosamine, Chondroitin, MSM, Turmeric)Documented risk

  Turmeric supplement liver injury reports.

• Mushroom Blends and Mushroom CoffeeDocumented risk

  Reishi powder with alcohol: acute hepatitis case report.

• Vitamin DEstablished role

  The liver helps convert vitamin D to a usable form, so liver disease can affect vitamin D status.

• Vitamin B12Established role

  The liver stores a few years' worth of B12.

• ChromiumDocumented risk

  Isolated cases of liver impairment have been reported with chromium supplements.

• BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, valine)Preliminary or mixed

  Studied in cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy (low-certainty evidence, medical setting). Not advice for healthy people.

• CarnitineDeficiency link

  In rare inherited carnitine disorders, findings include liver disease. These need medical care.

• CreatineEstablished role

  The liver is one of the two organs that make creatine from arginine, glycine and methionine. Liver enzyme markers showed no clinically important change in the studies reviewed.

• Beta-alanineDocumented risk

  Small average ALT rise in studies, within reference ranges; ask a clinician if you have liver disease.

• Coenzyme Q10Documented risk

  Raised liver enzymes have been reported with CoQ10; people with liver conditions should ask a clinician first.

• FennelDocumented risk

  The EU monograph notes estragole caused liver tumors in mice; human risk at normal tea use is not established, which is why intake limits are set.

• Saw palmettoDocumented risk

  Single case reports describe severe liver damage in people taking saw palmetto. How often this happens is not known.

• SennaDocumented risk

  Rare liver injury at high doses over long periods (as reported on the site page).

• ValerianDocumented risk

  Rare liver injury has been reported, most often with other herbs.

• SchisandraPreliminary or mixed

  The fruit is used traditionally for the liver; small human studies are limited. It also lowers ALT and AST on tests.

• Willow barkDocumented risk

  Not for severe liver dysfunction; single fatal case report.

• Asian ginsengDocumented risk

  Liver damage is an uncommon reported effect.

• HorsetailDocumented risk

  Case reports of hepatitis after horsetail use exist; cause is uncertain.

• Witch hazelDocumented risk

  Rare liver damage reported with long-term oral use of tannin-rich products.

• EucalyptusDocumented risk

  Cineole may speed up liver enzymes that break down medicines, and the German Commission E (cited by the EMA) lists impaired liver function as a reason not to use the oil. No LiverTox entry was found.

• BhringrajLab or animal research only

  Rat studies suggest extracts may lessen chemically caused liver damage. No human studies were reported in the review we read.

• ForsythiaLab or animal research only

  Ripe-fruit extract eased bile-duct-blockage liver injury in rats; no human evidence.

• BuchuDocumented risk

  High-dose buchu oil harmed rat livers (pulegone) and one liver-failure case followed a rooibos-buchu tea, but LiverTox reports no linked injury in people. Sources conflict.

• Graviola (soursop)Documented risk

  Cancer Research UK says frequent use may damage the liver; a graviola acetogenin caused liver toxicity in a rodent model. No human cases found.

• BaelDocumented risk

  Reviews report liver protection in animals only. Separately, a 2013 multi-ingredient supplement outbreak caused liver injury; the ingredient was not named.

• KutkiPreliminary or mixed

  One small 1996 trial in acute viral hepatitis reported benefit; other human studies are small, mostly open-label formula studies. Most evidence is from animals, so it is not an established liver treatment.

• Fadogia agrestisLab or animal research only

  A rat study reported enzyme changes and cell-membrane stress in liver tissue; no human data were found.

• Houttuynia (yu xing cao)Lab or animal research only

  Liver changes at high extract amounts in rats.

• Pioppino (black poplar mushroom)Documented risk

  Same mouse finding: lectin AAL was toxic to the liver in a raw extract. Human relevance not shown.

• Paddy straw mushroomLab or animal research only

  Liver-protection findings come from mice and cells only.

• Grains of paradiseDocumented risk

  A 28-day rat study of a strong extract raised liver weight; authors said liver toxicity should be considered. Human significance unknown.

• NutmegDocumented risk

  Liver changes in rats at very high amounts.

• Angelica pubescens (du huo)Documented risk

  Reversible liver changes in rats and dogs and liver damage with isolated xanthotoxin in animals; no human data in the reviews read.

• Bay leafDocumented risk

  A 2026 case report links months of regular bay leaf tea to probable herb-induced liver injury in one woman, who improved after stopping. One case does not show cause for everyone.

• King tuber mushroomLab or animal research only

  Rat studies of chemically induced liver damage.

• CarawayDocumented risk

  The EU committee does not recommend caraway medicines in liver disease, cholangitis, gallstones or other bile-duct disorders.

• Apricot kernel (bitter)Documented risk

  NCI lists liver damage among the effects of laetrile, which releases cyanide.

• Thuja (northern white cedar)Documented risk

  One case report linked thuja plus black cohosh to probable liver injury; the evidence is weak and the herb responsible is unclear.

• Lion's tail (wild dagga)Documented risk

  Rat studies of water extracts reported changes in liver-related blood tests; no human data.

• Papaya leafDocumented risk

  Animal studies showed raised liver enzymes with repeated dosing and two unpublished human reports described raised transaminases; caution in liver impairment.

• Mistletoe (European)Documented risk

  One review found high doses of injected extract damaged the liver in some cases, reversibly.

• Ras el hanoutDocumented risk

  Liver effects are described for highly absorbable curcumin supplements and for cassia coumarin, not for the blend itself.

• KokumDocumented risk

  No research directly links kokum to acute liver injury, but it contains HCA and garcinia supplements have liver reports, so liver effects need study.

• Mahlab (mahleb)Documented risk

  Coumarin in the kernel is the compound behind the liver limit; applies to large daily intakes, not a pinch in baking.

• Saptaparna (devil's tree)Lab or animal research only

  In rats given a bark extract for 28 days, liver cells showed damage and liver enzymes rose. Human liver data were not found.

• Amanita smithiana and Amanita proximaDocumented risk

  Mild, short-lived liver enzyme rises are reported; the related syndrome is called mild hepatitis.

• Sweet CornDocumented risk

  Aflatoxin from moldy or contaminated corn can harm the liver and raise liver cancer risk with regular intake (FDA).

• Pueraria mirifica (kwao krua)Documented risk

  Mild fat change in rat liver cells at high amounts; short-lived liver lab changes in a few women in small studies.

• Filé powder (ground sassafras leaf)Documented risk

  Safrole from sassafras root and oil caused liver cancer in lab animals; the concern is not shown for filé eaten as food, and one 1997 FDA test found safrole below detection in most leaf samples.

• Lotus SeedsDocumented risk

  Aflatoxin contamination in lotus seeds; aflatoxins damage the liver in large doses and raise liver cancer risk with regular intake.

• AcornsDocumented risk

  A 2026 study says raw acorn tannins may cause liver toxicity; the animal source describes liver injury at higher doses. No human cases were read.

• Cinnamon Oil (Leaf and Bark)Documented risk

  NCCIH says coumarin in cassia cinnamon has been reported to affect the liver; stated for cassia products, not the oil.

• Camphor Oil (Dangers)Documented risk

  Camphor is listed among liver-toxic terpenes in a review.

• MatchaDocumented risk

  Extract at 800 mg EGCG a day or more raised liver tests; matcha was not tested.

• Spearmint TeaLab or animal research only

  Rats given spearmint tea for 30 days had raised liver enzymes and liver tissue damage. Animal only.

• Lemongrass TeaDocumented risk

  LactMed: rare liver toxicity reports.

• Ginseng TeaDocumented risk

  Liver damage reports (NIH); cohort signal for ginseng tea in liver disease.

• Valerian TeaDocumented risk

  Rare liver injury reports (NIH, LiverTox).

• Fennel TeaDocumented risk

  Estragole in fennel caused liver tumors in mice; the EU asks for exposure to be kept as low as practically achievable. No liver harm in people from fennel tea was shown in the sources we read.

• Milk Thistle TeaPreliminary or mixed

  Traditional use for the liver; extract trials gave mixed results, a meta-analysis found changes in liver enzymes without clinical relevance. Not shown for the tea.

• Senna Tea (Laxative Teas)Documented risk

  One case report of liver failure after very heavy, long use of senna fruit tea. A single case; rare.

• SenchaDocumented risk

  Liver injury is uncommon and linked mainly to green tea extracts; EFSA noted rare reactions to infusions.

• GyokuroDocumented risk

  Liver injury is uncommon and linked mainly to green tea extracts; EFSA noted rare reactions to infusions.

• Moroccan Mint TeaDocumented risk

  Liver injury from green tea is uncommon and mainly linked to extracts; EFSA noted rare cases after infusions. Spearmint tea raised liver enzymes in rats.

• Kombucha (Fermented Tea)Documented risk

  Case reports describe liver injury after kombucha. They cannot show cause or frequency.

• Cumin, Coriander and Fennel (CCF) TeaDocumented risk

  Estragole in fennel caused liver tumors in mice and the EU asks that exposure be kept low. No human harm from fennel tea was shown in the sources read.

• CoffeePreliminary or mixed

  Observational studies link coffee with lower liver cancer risk.

• Korean Red GinsengDocumented risk

  NCCIH lists liver damage as an uncommon report.

• Creatine in Food (Meat and Fish)Established role

  The liver is one of the two organs that make creatine from arginine, glycine and methionine.

• B-Complex FormulasDocumented risk

  The NHS says long-term high doses of nicotinic acid may damage the liver; MedlinePlus lists liver damage with high niacin intake.

• Whey Protein PowderDocumented risk

  A systematic review names the liver among organs affected by chronic, heavy, unsupervised use; people with liver disease should ask a clinician first.

• Sleep Blends (Melatonin, Magnesium, L-Theanine, Herbs)Documented risk

  Rare liver injury has been reported with valerian and kava.

• Greens PowdersDocumented risk

  Liver injury is uncommon but reported with green tea extracts, mainly in tablet or capsule form; relevant only if a powder lists them.

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