Beverages · Drink
Pomegranate Juice
Punica granatum (juice) · also called Pomegranate juice, jugo de granada (Spanish)
Pomegranate juice is pressed from the seeds and their juicy coverings of the pomegranate. A cup has about 134 calories and 31 g of sugars, with almost no fibre. Pooled trials found small drops in blood pressure and some blood fats, but the largest juice-only analysis says the blood pressure benefit faded after about 2 months. The main cautions are a possible interaction with warfarin, the sugar, and unpasteurised juice.
General information, not medical advice. Last substantive update · Not medically reviewed. A named clinician has not signed off on this page. How this page is made
About Pomegranate Juice
Pomegranate juice is a tart, sugary drink with some interesting but small and uncertain research on blood pressure and blood fats. It is best seen as a drink, not a remedy.
What it is
Pomegranate juice is pressed from the seeds and their juicy coverings (arils) of the pomegranate, Punica granatum. It is sold bottled, from concentrate or fresh-pressed.
A cup (249 g) of plain bottled juice has about 134 calories, 31.5 g of sugars, 0.2 g of fibre, 533 mg of potassium and 26 micrograms of vitamin K (USDA FoodData Central). It has almost no vitamin C. Some pomegranate drinks are blends or have added sugar, so the label matters.
What the research shows
Pooled trials of the juice found systolic blood pressure about 5 mmHg lower. The largest juice-only analysis says the benefit was lost after about 2 months, and results differed a lot between trials.
A 2026 analysis of 17 trials found slightly lower triglycerides and LDL cholesterol and slightly higher HDL. Blood sugar results come from trials of many pomegranate forms and are small. Two analyses of the inflammation marker CRP disagree.
In two small trials in men with prostate cancer, the juice and an extract did not change PSA more than placebo.
Juice versus the whole fruit, extracts and capsules
The blood pressure and blood fat results above are mostly for the juice. The prostate trial mostly tested an extract, and the blood sugar and 22-trial blood pressure analyses pooled several forms. Juice is not the same as the whole fruit, extracts or capsules, which can behave differently.
At a glance
Traditional uses history, not proof
- Pomegranate has been used in traditional medicine for parasites, diarrhoea and sore throat (NCCIH). That tradition is not evidence about the juice as a drink.
- Today the juice is mostly drunk for its tart taste and for its reputation for heart health.
Studied for research
- Blood pressure, low certainty
- Cholesterol and blood fats, low certainty
- Blood sugar markers (pomegranate in many forms), low certainty
- Inflammation marker CRP, mixed
- Prostate cancer PSA marker, evidence against a benefit
Main compounds
- Polyphenols, including tannins and anthocyanins (reported by a 2023 review)
- Natural sugars (about 31 g per cup)
- Potassium and vitamin K in modest amounts
- Almost no fibre and almost no vitamin C
Common forms
- Plain bottled juice (the form the nutrition figures describe)
- Juice from concentrate
- Fresh-pressed or unpasteurised juice
- Blends and sweetened drinks (not the same as plain juice)
- Extracts and capsules (different products)
Research links: NCCIH: Pomegranate · Juice and blood pressure, meta-analysis (Phytotherapy Research, 2023) · Possible interaction with warfarin, case report (Emergency Medicine Journal, 2010) · FDA: Juice safety · Research Library · Genes & Biomarkers Library
What it is and its history
- Accepted scientific name
- Punica granatum
- Naming authority
- L. (author as given in the study abstracts read; not checked against a taxonomy database)
- Common names
- Pomegranate juice (English); Jugo de granada (Spanish)
- Family or group
- Lythraceae (not verified today)
- Classification
- Plantae > Not verified > Not verified > Not verified > Lythraceae (as stated on the earlier page; not verified today) > Punica > Punica granatum
- Native range
- NCCIH says pomegranate is a small fruit-bearing tree that comes from the Middle East and is now grown in many regions, including the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia and the south-western United States.
- Habitat
- Not verified.
- What it looks like
- Roots: Not verified.; Stems: Not verified.; Leaves: Not verified.; Flowers: Not verified.; Fruit: The juice is pressed from the seeds with their juicy coverings (arils).
- Cultivation
- Not verified.
- Harvest and processing
- Sold bottled, from concentrate, or fresh-pressed (earlier page; not verified from a source today).
- Look-alikes and adulterants
- Name: Pomegranate fruit, extract and capsules; Note: Different products. Trials of extracts or capsules are not trials of the juice.
- Sustainability and conservation
- Not assessed.
Photographs
Traditional use and history history, not clinical proof
| Tradition or era | Documented use | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional medicine | NCCIH says pomegranate was used in traditional medicine for intestinal parasite infections, diarrhoea, sore throat and other conditions, by mouth, on the skin and as a gargle. | NCCIH, read 2026-10-26 |
Traditional use shows how it was used. It does not show that it works or is safe today.
What is inside, and how it may work
What it contains and how those compounds act in cells and animals. Laboratory and animal mechanisms are not proven effects in people.
Main compounds
| Compound | Family | Where it is concentrated | Activity studied | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyphenols (tannins such as punicalagin and ellagitannins, anthocyanins and other flavonoids) | polyphenols | Juice | A 2023 review states the juice contains large amounts of these. Their effects are described as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in lab work. 7 | Review statement; lab |
| Sugars | carbohydrate | Juice 12.7 g per 100 g; about 31.5 g per cup (USDA, summary-only) | Natural sugars of the juice; almost no fibre. 17 | Composition data |
Mechanisms, receptors and pathways
| Target or pathway | Gene or receptor | What was found | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of the drug-processing enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 | CYP3A4, CYP2C9 | Lab and animal studies show the juice reduces these enzymes and raised drug absorption in animals. Human studies tested single doses only. 7 | Lab and animal |
| Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols | Suggested by authors as routes behind possible blood pressure, blood fat and inflammation effects. Not shown in people. 11 7 | Lab and animal |
Absorption, metabolism and elimination
- Absorption
- Not researched in the sources read, apart from single-dose drug studies summarised in the 2023 review.
- Distribution
- Not found.
- Metabolism
- Not found.
- Elimination
- Not found.
- Bioavailability
- Not established.
Isolated compounds versus whole extracts
The blood pressure and blood fat results above are mostly for juice. The prostate trial mostly tested an extract, and the blood sugar and 22-trial blood pressure analyses pooled several forms. Juice is not the same as the whole fruit, extracts or capsules.
Nutritional composition
Per 100 g of bottled pomegranate juice (USDA FoodData Central, SR Legacy, item 167787): 54 kcal, 12.7 g sugars, 13.1 g carbohydrate, 0.1 g fibre, 0.15 g protein. A cup (249 g) provides about 134 kcal, 31.5 g sugars, 32.7 g carbohydrate, 0.2 g fibre and 0.4 g protein, plus vitamin K 26 micrograms, folate 60 micrograms DFE, potassium 533 mg, manganese 0.24 mg and sodium 22 mg. It has almost no vitamin C (0.2 mg per cup). Per-cup values are the 100 g values multiplied by 2.49. Values vary with brand and blending. These figures come from our earlier reading of the record and could not be re-opened today.
1 mixed findings3 low certainty1 not enough evidence1 evidence against
What was looked at
The 6 benefits and uses checked for Pomegranate Juice, each with how strong the evidence is. Tap one to open it.
- Blood pressureLow certainty
- Cholesterol and blood fatsLow certainty
- Blood sugar and insulinLow certainty
- Inflammation marker (C-reactive protein)Mixed findings
- Prostate cancer markers (PSA)Evidence against
- Memory, other cancers and other claimsNot enough evidence
Lab markers tracked in the studies
Systolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressureTriglyceridesLDL cholesterolHDL cholesterolTotal cholesterolFasting blood glucoseHbA1cC-reactive protein (CRP)PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
What is Pomegranate Juice good for?
The main studied uses and how strong the human evidence is for each. Most results are small changes in lab markers in short trials, not proof that the juice prevents or treats a disease.
Benefits, one by one
Each card is a research question, not a promise. Tap a goal to filter. Open a card to see the studies, doses and limits.
Blood pressure
Low certaintyPooled trials of pomegranate juice found systolic blood pressure about 5 mmHg lower. The authors of the largest juice-only analysis say the benefit was lost after about 2 months of intake, and results differed a lot between trials.
4 studiesPomegranate juice in the juice-only analyses; juice and other forms (…
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
A 2023 pooled analysis of 14 trials (573 people) of juice alone found systolic pressure 5.02 mmHg lower. An older analysis of 8 placebo-controlled trials found 4.96 mmHg lower. A 2024 analysis of 22 trials of pomegranate in different forms found 7.87 mmHg lower, with very high differences between trials. NCCIH says juice or extract may help but more research is needed.
Results
Small drops in systolic and diastolic pressure in short trials; no trial of heart attacks or strokes was found.
Effect sizes as reported
Juice alone: systolic -5.02 mmHg (95% CI -7.55 to -2.48); trials of 2 months or less: systolic -4.59, diastolic -2.94 mmHg. Many forms: systolic -7.87 mmHg (-10.34 to -5.39), diastolic -3.23 mmHg.
Why this rating
Pooled randomized trials point the same way, but they are short, differ a lot from one another (I2 about 90% in the 22-trial analysis), and the 2023 authors say the benefit was lost after 2 months. One result mixes juice with other forms.
Form and dose studied
Pomegranate juice in the juice-only analyses; juice and other forms (extract, fruit, products) in the 22-trial analysis.
Who was studied
Adults, including people with high blood pressure and other conditions.
Limits
Short trials; high heterogeneity; the largest analysis says the benefit faded after about 2 months. Systolic pressure did not fall significantly in trials above 300 mL a day, which the authors call counterintuitive. Funding was not stated in the abstracts read. It is not a replacement for medicine.
Why researchers looked
Pomegranate juice is rich in polyphenols, and heart health is the most studied reason people drink it.
Traditional use
Pomegranate has a long traditional use as a medicinal fruit (NCCIH lists diarrhoea, sore throat and parasites), but that tradition is not evidence about blood pressure.
Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism
Pomegranate juice contains plant compounds called polyphenols, and researchers suggest they may act as antioxidants and affect blood vessels. These ideas come mostly from lab and animal work and are unproven in people.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
The juice has about 31 g of sugars per cup (USDA) and may affect some medicines; see the safety tab.
Cholesterol and blood fats
Low certaintyA 2026 pooled analysis of 17 trials of pomegranate juice found slightly lower triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, slightly higher HDL, and no overall change in total cholesterol. NCCIH says clear effects on blood fats have not been shown.
2 studiesPomegranate juice.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
A 2026 analysis of 17 trials (663 adults) of the juice found triglycerides 8.2 mg/dL lower, LDL 4.8 mg/dL lower and HDL 2.8 mg/dL higher. Total cholesterol did not change overall. Differences between trials were high and effects looked larger in people with metabolic disorders. NCCIH says studies of pomegranate products have not shown clear effects on cholesterol and lipids.
Results
Small changes in blood fat markers; no effect on total cholesterol.
Effect sizes as reported
Triglycerides -8.2 mg/dL; LDL -4.8 mg/dL; HDL +2.8 mg/dL; total cholesterol no overall effect. Confidence intervals were not in the abstract.
Why this rating
Randomized trials pooled, but results differ a lot between trials, the changes are small, and the abstract gives no confidence intervals or GRADE rating. NCCIH is less positive across all pomegranate products.
Form and dose studied
Pomegranate juice.
Who was studied
Adults; effects looked larger in people with metabolic disorders.
Limits
High heterogeneity; markers only. No source we read shows fewer heart attacks.
Why researchers looked
Blood fats are a main risk marker for heart disease and the polyphenols in the juice were studied for this reason.
Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism
Pomegranate juice contains plant compounds called polyphenols, and researchers suggest they may act as antioxidants and affect blood vessels. These ideas come mostly from lab and animal work and are unproven in people.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Sugar content: see the safety tab.
Blood sugar and insulin
Low certaintyA 2024 pooled analysis of 32 trials of pomegranate in different forms found small falls in fasting glucose and HbA1c. This does not isolate the juice, which is itself sugary.
3 studiesPomegranate in different forms (juice, fruit and other products poole…
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
Pooled 32 trials: fasting glucose 2.22 mg/dL lower, fasting insulin 1.06 uU/mL lower, HbA1c 0.22 percentage points lower and HOMA-IR (an insulin resistance score) 0.30 lower. NCCIH says pomegranate may reduce blood glucose to a small extent.
Results
Small falls in glucose markers.
Effect sizes as reported
Fasting glucose -2.22 mg/dL (95% CI -3.95 to -0.50); HbA1c -0.22 points (-0.43 to -0.01); HOMA-IR -0.30 (-0.61 to -0.00).
Why this rating
Randomized trials pooled, but effects are small, two of the intervals only just exclude zero, and the trials used pomegranate in different forms.
Form and dose studied
Pomegranate in different forms (juice, fruit and other products pooled).
Who was studied
Adults.
Limits
Not juice-only. The authors say longer trials are needed. Juice has about 31 g of sugars per cup (USDA), which matters for people with diabetes: ask a clinician or dietitian.
Why researchers looked
Polyphenols in pomegranate were studied for effects on how the body handles sugar.
Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism
Pomegranate juice contains plant compounds called polyphenols, and researchers suggest they may act as antioxidants and affect blood vessels. These ideas come mostly from lab and animal work and are unproven in people.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Carbohydrate and sugar content: see the safety tab.
Inflammation marker (C-reactive protein)
Mixed findingsA 2024 pooled analysis of 11 studies found lower C-reactive protein with pomegranate juice, but a 2016 analysis of 5 trial arms found no significant change. The results disagree.
2 studiesPomegranate juice.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
2024: 11 studies (13 effect sizes, 696 people) found CRP 2.55 mg/L lower. 2016: 5 trial arms (427 people) found CRP 0.22 mg/L lower, not significant. Subgroup results in 2024 included people with type 2 diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome.
Results
One analysis shows a lower marker, the other does not.
Effect sizes as reported
2024: -2.55 mg/L (95% CI -3.44 to -1.66). 2016: -0.22 mg/L (-0.45 to 0.01).
Why this rating
The two pooled analyses disagree and the newer one reports subgroup patterns that may not apply to everyone.
Form and dose studied
Pomegranate juice.
Who was studied
Adults, including people with type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Limits
A blood marker only. The GRADE rating named in the 2024 title is not given in the abstract. Funding not stated.
Why researchers looked
Pomegranate juice polyphenols were studied for anti-inflammatory effects.
Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism
Pomegranate juice contains plant compounds called polyphenols, and researchers suggest they may act as antioxidants and affect blood vessels. These ideas come mostly from lab and animal work and are unproven in people.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
None specific.
Prostate cancer markers (PSA)
Evidence againstIn two placebo-controlled trials in men with prostate cancer, pomegranate juice or extract did not change the PSA marker more than placebo. Juice is not a treatment for prostate cancer.
2 studiesExtract (main arm) and juice in one trial; juice in the other.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
A trial of 183 men with rising PSA after first treatment mainly tested an extract; only 17 men drank juice. PSA doubling time rose in every group including placebo, and the differences between groups were not significant. In 98 men with advanced disease, 8 weeks of juice made no difference to PSA versus placebo.
Results
No difference from placebo in either trial.
Effect sizes as reported
Group differences p > 0.05 in the 183-man trial; no significant PSA decline versus placebo in the 98-man trial.
Why this rating
Both placebo-controlled trials were null for their main measure. They were small, so a small effect cannot be ruled out, and the first trial mostly tested an extract.
Form and dose studied
Extract (main arm) and juice in one trial; juice in the other.
Who was studied
Men with prostate cancer.
Limits
Small trials; PSA is a marker, not survival. One trial was partly funded by a juice company (Biotta AG).
Why researchers looked
Early lab and small studies raised interest in pomegranate for prostate cancer.
Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism
Interest came from lab work on pomegranate compounds. These trials did not confirm it.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Do not use juice in place of cancer treatment. Ask your care team before changing diet during treatment.
Memory, other cancers and other claims
Not enough evidenceNCCIH says the limited research on other conditions does not allow conclusions. Claims beyond those on this page rest on lab and animal studies.
1 studiesNot applicable
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
NCCIH states the research on other conditions is too limited for conclusions. We found no juice trial on memory or other conditions in the sources we read.
Why this rating
No human evidence found in the sources read.
Why researchers looked
Pomegranate is marketed for many conditions.
Traditional use
Used traditionally for parasites, diarrhoea and sore throat (NCCIH). That is tradition, not evidence for juice.
Proposed mechanism Preliminary mechanism
Lab and animal work only.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
None specific.
Connections to the rest of health
How Pomegranate Juice connects to the rest of our health knowledge graph. Every link says what kind of connection it is. A safety link (for example to the liver) is a warning, not a benefit. A study that merely mentions a topic never creates a benefit link.
Explore every connection: goals, body systems, organs, symptoms, genes
A. Wellness goals
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Health | Potential benefit | Low certainty | Blood pressure: Pooled trials of pomegranate juice found systolic blood pressure about 5 mmHg lower. The authors of the largest juice-only analysis say the benefit was lost after about 2 months of intake, and results differed a lot between trials. | 3 11 1 15 |
| Blood Pressure | Potential benefit | Low certainty | Blood pressure: Pooled trials of pomegranate juice found systolic blood pressure about 5 mmHg lower. The authors of the largest juice-only analysis say the benefit was lost after about 2 months of intake, and results differed a lot between trials. | 3 11 1 15 |
| Cholesterol | Potential benefit | Low certainty | Cholesterol and blood fats: A 2026 pooled analysis of 17 trials of pomegranate juice found slightly lower triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, slightly higher HDL, and no overall change in total cholesterol. NCCIH says clear effects on blood fats have not been shown. | 4 15 |
| Blood Sugar | Potential benefit | Low certainty | Blood sugar and insulin: A 2024 pooled analysis of 32 trials of pomegranate in different forms found small falls in fasting glucose and HbA1c. This does not isolate the juice, which is itself sugary. | 2 15 17 |
| Inflammation | Potential benefit | Mixed findings | Inflammation marker (C-reactive protein): A 2024 pooled analysis of 11 studies found lower C-reactive protein with pomegranate juice, but a 2016 analysis of 5 trial arms found no significant change. The results disagree. | 6 10 |
| Mens Health | Evidence against | Prostate cancer markers (PSA): In two placebo-controlled trials in men with prostate cancer, pomegranate juice or extract did not change the PSA marker more than placebo. Juice is not a treatment for prostate cancer. | 9 12 |
B. Body systems
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular System | Biological association | Low certainty | Studied for: Blood pressure Studied for: Cholesterol and blood fats | 3 11 1 15 4 |
| Endocrine System | Biological association | Low certainty | Studied for: Blood sugar and insulin | 2 15 17 |
| Immune System | Biological association | Mixed findings | Studied for: Inflammation marker (C-reactive protein) | 6 10 |
| Reproductive System | Biological association | Evidence against | Studied for: Prostate cancer markers (PSA) | 9 12 |
E. Health conditions
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food allergy | Adverse effect or risk | Documented risk | NCCIH says allergic reactions have been reported. Preparation or compound: Pomegranate |
15 |
I. Biomarkers
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic blood pressure | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered by a few points in pooled short trials. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 3 11 1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered slightly. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 11 1 |
| Triglycerides | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered slightly. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 4 |
| LDL cholesterol | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered slightly. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 4 |
| HDL cholesterol | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: raised slightly. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 4 |
| Total cholesterol | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: no overall change. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 4 |
| Fasting blood glucose | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered slightly. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 2 |
| HbA1c | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered slightly. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 2 |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | Biological association | Mixed findings | Measured in trials: lower in one analysis, no significant change in another. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 6 10 |
| PSA (prostate-specific antigen) | Biological association | Evidence against | Measured in trials: no difference from placebo. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 9 12 |
L. Active compounds
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyphenols (tannins such as punicalagin and ellagitannins, anthocyanins and other flavonoids) | Biological association | Review statement; lab | A 2023 review states the juice contains large amounts of these. Their effects are described as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in lab work. Preparation or compound: Juice |
7 |
| Sugars | Biological association | Composition data | Natural sugars of the juice; almost no fibre. Preparation or compound: Juice |
17 |
Each connection is stored with the ingredient, the connected record, the kind of connection, the evidence status, the supporting studies, the preparation or compound involved, and a review date (last reviewed October 26, 2026).
Evidence at a glance: what the research found for 6 outcomes
Each outcome below is one thing researchers measured. Certainty is how far the evidence can be trusted, not how well it works. The full studies are on the next tab.
The evidence
The research centre for Pomegranate Juice. Every record here was checked against PubMed or the publisher's page; we never list a study we have not verified.
Evidence by outcome
Bars show how many studies we found for each outcome, not how well it works. People are added up across trials only (reviews are not added, to avoid double counting).
How we rate evidence
High certainty
Several well-run trials or reviews agree; further research is unlikely to change the picture much.
Moderate certainty
Good trials point the same way, but some doubt remains.
Low certainty
Small, short or inconsistent trials. The finding could change with better research.
Very low certainty
Very little or very weak human data. Treat as a possibility only.
Mixed findings
Trials or reviews disagree with each other.
Not enough evidence
Not enough human research to say either way.
Evidence against
Good research found no benefit, or found harm.
We take the reviewers' own risk-of-bias and GRADE statements where they exist, and otherwise judge from study size, design, consistency, directness and whether a product matches what is sold. Many publications do not make evidence high. Method note: We started from our earlier pomegranate juice summary, re-fetched each PubMed record and read its abstract, and re-read the NCCIH, FDA, NHS and WHO pages. Only abstracts were read for studies. The USDA nutrition figures come from our earlier reading and could not be re-opened this time; they are flagged. Items we could not verify are listed in the research gaps.
Study library: every study we checked 18
| Study | Design | People | Product, dose, length | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bahari 2024 The effects of pomegranate consumption on blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res · PMID 38410857 · DOI |
Systematic review and meta analysis of randomized trials |
22 randomized trials (from 2315 records). Adults; pomegranate in different forms (not only juice). | Pomegranate in different forms (juice and other forms pooled) fruit or products (forms differed) varied by trial; not given as advice varied · vs placebo or control drink |
Both systolic and diastolic pressure were lower. People with starting systolic pressure above 130 mmHg had a bigger fall. Differences between trials were very high. Systolic -7.87 mmHg; diastolic -3.23 mmHg (Systolic -10.34 to -5.39; diastolic -5.37 to -1.09) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Limitations: Very high heterogeneity (I2 about 90% for systolic and 92% for diastolic). Mixes juice with other forms. The authors call for higher-quality studies. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract read Read: abstract |
| Bahari 2024 The effects of pomegranate consumption on glycemic indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr · PMID 38194826 · DOI |
Systematic review and meta analysis of randomized trials |
32 randomized trials (from 1999 records), adults. Pomegranate in different forms (not only juice). | Pomegranate in different forms (juice and other forms pooled) fruit or products (forms differed) varied by trial; not given as advice varied · vs placebo or control drink |
Small falls in all four measures. Fasting glucose -2.22 mg/dL; fasting insulin -1.06 uU/mL; HbA1c -0.22 percentage points; HOMA-IR -0.30 (Glucose -3.95 to -0.50; HbA1c -0.43 to -0.01; HOMA-IR -0.61 to -0.00) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR Limitations: The HbA1c and HOMA-IR intervals only just exclude zero. Forms pooled, so it does not isolate juice. The authors say longer trials are needed. Funding and conflicts: Authors declared no competing interests Registration: PROSPERO CRD42023422780 Read: abstract |
| Ghaemi 2023 Impact of pomegranate juice on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res · PMID 37461211 · DOI |
Systematic review and meta analysis of clinical trials |
14 clinical trials, 573 people. Only studies of pomegranate juice alone were included. | Pomegranate juice alone juice (pressed from the seeds and their juicy coverings) varied by trial; not given as advice varied · vs placebo or control drink |
Systolic pressure was lower with juice. Trials of 2 months or less showed the fall; the authors say the benefit was lost after 2 months of intake. At 300 mL a day or less systolic pressure fell; above 300 mL a day systolic pressure did not fall significantly, though diastolic did. Systolic -5.02 mmHg (all 14 trials); -4.59 mmHg in trials of 2 months or less; diastolic -2.94 mmHg in those trials (Systolic -7.55 to -2.48 (all trials)) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Limitations: Pooled analysis of trials of different designs and populations. Abstract does not give a heterogeneity figure or a GRADE rating. Short trials. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract read Read: abstract |
| Ghaemi 2026 Pomegranate juice consumption and lipid profile: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Avicenna J Phytomed · PMID 42153011 · DOI |
Systematic review and meta analysis of randomized trials |
17 randomized trials, 663 adults | Pomegranate juice juice (pressed from the seeds and their juicy coverings) varied by trial; not given as advice varied · vs placebo or control drink |
Triglycerides and LDL were lower and HDL was higher. Total cholesterol did not change overall. Differences between trials were high; effects looked larger in people with metabolic disorders. Triglycerides -8.2 mg/dL; LDL -4.8 mg/dL; HDL +2.8 mg/dL; total cholesterol no overall effect (Not given in the abstract) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL Limitations: High heterogeneity. Abstract gives no confidence intervals or GRADE rating. The authors ask for trials with standard juice and longer follow-up. Funding and conflicts: Authors declared no conflict of interest Read: abstract |
| Jarvis 2010 Possible interaction between pomegranate juice and warfarin. Emerg Med J · PMID 20029019 · DOI |
Case report |
1 One patient on warfarin |
Pomegranate juice juice |
The authors report a possible interaction. They say the case does not definitively prove that the juice caused the change and recommend taking a full drug, food and juice history when clotting control is unstable. Not applicable (Not applicable) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Warfarin effect on blood clotting Limitations: One case; cannot prove cause. Lab data cited by the authors show the juice inhibits liver enzymes that handle warfarin. Funding and conflicts: Not applicable Read: abstract |
| Jazinaki 2024 The effect of pomegranate juice supplementation on C-reactive protein levels: GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response updated meta-analysis. Phytother Res · PMID 38553998 · DOI |
Systematic review and meta analysis of randomized trials |
11 studies (13 effect sizes), 696 participants | Pomegranate juice juice (pressed from the seeds and their juicy coverings) varied by trial; not given as advice varied · vs placebo or control drink |
CRP was lower with juice than with control. The authors found no clear link between CRP change and the amount or length of juice intake. CRP -2.55 mg/L (-3.44 to -1.66) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: C-reactive protein (CRP, a blood marker of inflammation) Limitations: The GRADE result is not given in the abstract. Much of the benefit was seen in Iranian trials and in people with type 2 diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome. The 2016 analysis found no significant change. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract read Read: abstract |
| Mansoor 2023 Impact of Pomegranate Juice on the Pharmacokinetics of CYP3A4- and CYP2C9-Mediated Drugs Metabolism: A Preclinical and Clinical Review. Molecules · PMID 36903363 · DOI |
Review of preclinical and clinical studies animal, lab and human (review) |
Animal and human studies of how the juice affects drug levels | Pomegranate juice juice |
Lab and animal work show the juice reduces two drug-processing enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP2C9) and raised absorption of several drugs in animals (buspirone, nitrendipine, metronidazole, saquinavir, sildenafil). Theophylline showed no interaction. Human studies were limited to a single dose of juice, so long-term effects in people are not known. Observational reports link the juice to a longer effect of warfarin and sildenafil. Not applicable (Not applicable) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Drug absorption and blood levels Limitations: Mostly animal and lab data. Human data are single-dose only. Funding and conflicts: Authors declared no conflict of interest Read: abstract |
| Norwood 2015 A Comprehensive Review of Potential Warfarin-Fruit Interactions. J Pharm Pract · PMID 25112306 · DOI |
Literature review |
23 citations (15 case reports and 7 controlled trials) about warfarin and fruit | Fruit products, including pomegranate juice various |
Most cases involved cranberry. Pomegranate juice, avocado, grapefruit juice, mango and papain were also implicated in suspected reports. The authors say scientific evidence is scarce and the relevance is hard to judge. Not applicable (Not applicable) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Suspected warfarin-fruit interactions Limitations: Mostly case reports. The controlled trials were of cranberry and grapefruit, not pomegranate. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract read Read: abstract |
| Pantuck 2015 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of pomegranate extract on rising PSA levels in men following primary therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis · PMID 26169045 · DOI |
Randomized double blind placebo controlled trial |
183 men with rising PSA after first treatment for prostate cancer (extract group 102, placebo 64, juice group 17) | Pomegranate liquid extract (main group) and pomegranate juice (small group) liquid extract and juice varied by trial; not given as advice not given in the abstract · vs placebo or control drink |
Median PSA doubling time rose in all three groups, including placebo. The differences between the three groups were not statistically significant. The authors report a possible genotype effect that needs testing. Median doubling time: placebo 11.1 to 15.6 months; extract 12.9 to 14.5; juice 12.7 to 20.3. Between groups p > 0.05 (Not given) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: PSA doubling time (how fast the PSA marker rises) Limitations: The juice group had only 17 men, so juice-specific conclusions are weak. The study mainly tested an extract, which is not the same as juice. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract read Read: abstract |
| Sahebkar 2016 Effects of supplementation with pomegranate juice on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytomedicine · PMID 26922037 · DOI |
Systematic review and meta analysis of randomized trials |
5 trial arms, 427 participants (216 juice, 211 control) | Pomegranate juice juice (pressed from the seeds and their juicy coverings) varied by trial; not given as advice varied · vs placebo or control drink |
No significant CRP change with juice. The effect did not depend on how long people drank the juice. CRP -0.22 mg/L (not significant, p = 0.061) (-0.45 to 0.01) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: C-reactive protein Limitations: Only 5 trial arms. Superseded in size by the 2024 analysis, which disagrees. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract read Read: abstract |
| Sahebkar 2017 Effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res · PMID 27888156 · DOI |
Systematic review and meta analysis of randomized placebo controlled trials |
8 randomized placebo-controlled trials | Pomegranate juice juice (pressed from the seeds and their juicy coverings) varied by trial; not given as advice varied · vs placebo or control drink |
Both systolic and diastolic pressure were lower after juice. The systolic fall held in sensitivity checks and in shorter and longer trials. Diastolic effect was borderline above 240 mL a day. Systolic -4.96 mmHg; diastolic -2.01 mmHg (Systolic -7.67 to -2.25; diastolic -3.71 to -0.31) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Limitations: Only 8 trials. The abstract does not state funding or give a GRADE rating. Older than the 2023 analysis of 14 trials. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract read Read: abstract |
| Stenner-Liewen 2013 Daily Pomegranate Intake Has No Impact on PSA Levels in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer - Results of a Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Trial. J Cancer · PMID 24069070 · DOI |
Randomized double blind placebo controlled phase IIb trial |
98 men with prostate cancer and PSA of 5 ng/mL or higher (most had castration-resistant disease) | Pomegranate juice juice 500 mL a day for 4 weeks, then 250 mL a day for 4 weeks (trial protocol, not advice) 8 weeks · vs placebo or control drink |
No difference in PSA or pain between juice and placebo drink. No grade 3 or higher toxicity. 96% completed the first period. No significant PSA decline versus placebo (Not given) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: PSA levels and pain scores Limitations: Small, short trial in advanced disease. Juice was an add-on to usual care. Funding and conflicts: Partly funded by Biotta AG, a juice company (industry-linked); authors declared no competing interest Read: abstract |
| s-fda-grapefruit FDA: Grapefruit Juice and Some Drugs Don't Mix · Source |
Official consumer guidance n/a |
Methods, limits and fundingRead: full-text | ||
| s-fda-juice-safety FDA: What You Need to Know About Juice Safety · Source |
Official consumer guidance n/a |
Methods, limits and fundingRead: full-text | ||
| s-nccih-pomegranate NCCIH: Pomegranate - Usefulness and Safety · Source |
Official health guidance n/a |
Methods, limits and fundingRead: full-text | ||
| s-nhs-5-a-day NHS: 5 A DAY - what counts? · Source |
Official health guidance n/a |
Methods, limits and fundingRead: full-text | ||
| s-usda-fdc-167787 USDA FoodData Central: Pomegranate juice, bottled (SR Legacy, FDC 167787) · Source |
Food composition database n/a |
Methods, limits and fundingRead: summary-only | ||
| s-who-healthy-diet WHO: Healthy diet fact sheet · Source |
Official health guidance n/a |
Methods, limits and fundingRead: full-text |
What we do not know yet
- No trial has tested whether the juice changes heart attacks, strokes or diabetes.
- The largest juice-only blood pressure analysis says the benefit faded after about 2 months; longer trials are missing.
- The blood sugar analysis pooled juice with other pomegranate forms.
- Children by age, kidney disease, heavy metals and pesticides in the juice were not researched.
- Whether regular long-term intake changes medicine levels in people has not been tested.
How new research is added
New studies are found by a saved PubMed search and placed in a review queue before the page changes.
Lab markers
What changed in blood or saliva tests during trials. A changed number is not the same as feeling or being healthier, and we give no "normal ranges".
Metabolic 6
Triglycerides
Lowered slightly in trials
A type of fat carried in the blood.
Low certaintyLDL cholesterol
Lowered slightly in trials
The so-called bad cholesterol carried in the blood.
Low certaintyHDL cholesterol
Raised slightly in trials
The so-called good cholesterol carried in the blood.
Low certaintyTotal cholesterol
No overall change in trials
All the cholesterol in the blood added together.
Low certaintyFasting blood glucose
Lowered slightly in trials
Blood sugar measured after not eating for several hours.
Low certaintyResults and what it means
HbA1c
Lowered slightly in trials
A blood test reflecting average blood sugar over about three months.
Low certaintyResults and what it means
Other 4
Systolic blood pressure
Lowered by a few points in pooled short trials in trials
The top number in a blood pressure reading, the pressure when the heart beats.
Low certaintyResults and what it means
Why it was measured
A core marker of heart and stroke risk.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
A few mmHg; not known to change heart attacks or strokes.
Safety implication
None specific.
| Study | Result | People | Product |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | -5.02 mmHg (95% CI -7.55 to -2.48) overall; benefit lost after about 2 months; not significant above 300 mL a day | 573 adults in 14 trials | Pomegranate juice alone |
| 11 | -4.96 mmHg (95% CI -7.67 to -2.25) | 8 placebo-controlled trials | Pomegranate juice |
| 1 | -7.87 mmHg (95% CI -10.34 to -5.39); very high heterogeneity | 22 trials | Pomegranate in different forms |
Diastolic blood pressure
Lowered slightly in trials
The bottom number in a blood pressure reading, the pressure between beats.
Low certaintyResults and what it means
Why it was measured
Another marker of blood pressure.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
A small change.
Safety implication
None specific.
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Lower in one analysis, no significant change in another in trials
A blood marker that rises with inflammation.
Mixed findingsResults and what it means
Why it was measured
A common inflammation marker.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
The analyses disagree.
Safety implication
None specific.
PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
No difference from placebo in trials
A blood marker used to follow prostate cancer.
Evidence againstResults and what it means
Why it was measured
Used to track prostate cancer after treatment.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
No benefit shown.
Safety implication
None specific.
Safety
What studies and official sources say about side effects, medicines and who should check first. Each point shows what kind of evidence it comes from.
Main points to know 4
- Possible interaction with warfarin and some other medicines. A case report described a possible interaction between pomegranate juice and warfarin. The authors say it does not prove the juice caused it. A review of warfarin and fruit lists pomegranate juice among fruits in suspected reports and says the evidence is scarce. If you take warfarin or other prescribed medicines, ask your prescriber or pharmacist before making the juice a regular drink. Case report 5 8 7
- A sugary drink with almost no fibre. One cup (249 g) has about 31 g of sugars and about 134 kcal, with almost no fibre (USDA). WHO says most fruit juices, even without added sugar, contain significant free sugars that should be limited. Authoritative guidance 17 18
- Unpasteurised juice can carry harmful bacteria. FDA says untreated juice can carry harmful bacteria. Children, older adults, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems risk serious illness from untreated juice. Authoritative guidance 14
- Allergic reactions have been reported. NCCIH says allergic reactions to pomegranate have been reported. Authoritative guidance 15
Side effects 3
| Effect | How often | Severity and recovery | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Digestive symptoms NCCIH says pomegranate usually does not cause side effects, but some people have digestive tract symptoms. No frequency was given. | Not established | mild, as described Not stated in the source read. | Authoritative guidance 15 |
| Allergic reaction Reported, with no frequency given. | Not established | varies; can be serious Not stated in the source read. | Authoritative guidance 15 |
| Few serious problems in the prostate juice trial Small trial in men with advanced prostate cancer; it is not a full safety study. | No grade 3 or higher toxicity in 98 men over 8 weeks | none serious reported Not applicable | Controlled trial 12 |
Liver
No liver injury linked to drinking pomegranate juice was found in the sources we read. We did not search a liver injury database for this juice.
How often. No frequency found.
This is a safety connection. It is not evidence that Pomegranate Juice supports liver health.
Medicines and supplements 4
| With | Why it matters | Importance | Evidence | What to do |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warfarin (a blood thinner) prescription | Lab studies cited by the case report found the juice inhibits liver enzymes that handle warfarin. Not shown in people. | A single case report plus suspected reports in a review. Not proven. | Case report Very low certainty 5 8 | Tell your prescriber or pharmacist if you drink the juice regularly, especially if your clotting tests are unstable. |
| Medicines broken down by the liver enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 prescription | Lab and animal studies show the juice reduces these enzymes and raised absorption of buspirone, nitrendipine, metronidazole, saquinavir and sildenafil in animals. Theophylline showed no interaction. | Human studies tested single doses only, so the effect of regular intake in people is not known. | Animal and lab Not enough evidence 7 | A pharmacist can check your own medicines. |
| Grapefruit-type interaction warnings regulatory | FDA's grapefruit and medicines notice does not mention pomegranate. | Authoritative guidance Not enough evidence 13 | Do not assume the grapefruit warning applies or does not apply; ask a pharmacist. | |
| Vitamin K and warfarin dosing nutrient | The juice has about 26 micrograms of vitamin K per cup (USDA). | We found no source linking the juice's vitamin K to warfarin dosing, so we make no claim. | None found Not enough evidence 17 | Mention the juice to your prescriber. |
Who should check first 2
Overdose, product quality and regulators
Summary. Pomegranate juice is an ordinary drink. NCCIH says the juice is believed to be safe and that the root, stem and peel may not be safe when eaten in large amounts, because they contain substances that can be harmful. Those parts are not in the juice.
Animal. Not reviewed.
Human doses studied. Trials used various amounts of juice for weeks to months. This is a description of trials, not advice.
Overdose response. Not found.
Genotoxicity. Not reviewed.
Toxic or hazardous parts. Root, stem and peel may not be safe in large amounts (NCCIH).
The main food-safety point found is bacteria in untreated juice. We did not find a source on heavy metals or pesticide residues in pomegranate juice.
Bacteria in untreated juice. Unless the produce or the juice has been pasteurised or otherwise treated, harmful bacteria could be present. Untreated packaged juice must be kept refrigerated and carry a warning label in the US; juice sold by the glass does not need a label. 14
What is in the bottle. Some pomegranate drinks are blends with other juices or have added sugar. The nutrition values we give are for plain bottled juice (USDA). 17
| Body | Action | Date |
|---|---|---|
| NCCIH (US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health) (United States) | Says the juice is believed to be safe; juice in pregnancy or breastfeeding may be safe; allergic reactions reported; root, stem and peel may not be safe in large amounts. source | April 2025 |
| FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) (United States) | Untreated packaged juice must be refrigerated and carry a warning; juice sold by the glass needs no label; higher risk for children, older adults, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. source | 2024-03-05 |
| WHO (World Health Organization) (International) | Fruit juice can be consumed, but most varieties contain significant free sugars, which should be limited to less than 10% of daily energy. source | fact sheet, read 2026-10-26 |
| NHS (UK) (United Kingdom) | Fruit juice, vegetable juice and smoothies count once a day towards 5 A DAY, limited to a combined 150 ml; drink with meals because the sugars can damage teeth. source | reviewed 9 June 2026 |
When to get medical help
- Swelling of the lips, face, tongue or throat after drinking it
- Trouble breathing, wheezing or fainting
- Unusual bleeding or bruising, or black stools, if you take warfarin
- Vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pain and fever after drinking untreated juice
Stop using the product and contact a clinician or emergency service. In the US, Poison Control is 1-800-222-1222.
General information only, not medical advice. Ask a clinician or pharmacist before use, especially with medicines, in pregnancy or with a health condition. See the Natural Remedy Safety guide.
Frequently asked questions
Does pomegranate juice lower blood pressure?
Does pomegranate juice lower cholesterol?
Can I drink pomegranate juice with warfarin?
Does pomegranate juice affect other medicines?
Lab and animal studies show the juice reduces two drug-processing liver enzymes and raised drug absorption in animals. Human studies tested single doses only. A pharmacist can check your own medicines.
Is pomegranate juice high in sugar?
Is pomegranate juice good for diabetes?
Is pomegranate juice good for prostate cancer?
Does pomegranate juice reduce inflammation?
Is pomegranate juice safe in pregnancy?
Does pomegranate juice count as a fruit portion?
The NHS says juice counts once a day towards 5 A DAY, limited with other juices and smoothies to 150 ml combined, and that juice is best with meals because the sugars can harm teeth.
Can pomegranate juice cause an allergic reaction?
NCCIH says allergic reactions to pomegranate have been reported. Swelling of the face or throat or trouble breathing needs emergency help.
Is unpasteurised juice safe?
FDA says untreated juice can carry harmful bacteria and that children, older adults, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems risk serious illness. Look for pasteurised juice; juice sold by the glass needs no warning label.
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Editorial transparency
- Written by
- AlternativeMed editorial team. Research compiled with AI assistance, then checked against the sources listed.
- Medical review
- None. This page has not been reviewed by a physician or pharmacist.
- First published
- 2026-10-26
- Last substantive update
- 2026-10-26
- How we research
- We started from our earlier pomegranate juice summary, re-fetched each PubMed record and read its abstract, and re-read the NCCIH, FDA, NHS and WHO pages. Only abstracts were read for studies. The USDA nutrition figures come from our earlier reading and could not be re-opened this time; they are flagged. Items we could not verify are listed in the research gaps.
- How we rate evidence
- See "How we rate evidence" in the Evidence tab.
- Independence
- No product is promoted on this page. No affiliate links are shown.
Sources 18
Each source was opened and checked. Where we read only the abstract, it says so. The small numbers in the text point here.
- Bahari H, Omidian K, Goudarzi K, et al.. The effects of pomegranate consumption on blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Phytother Res. 2024. PMID 38410857. DOI 10.1002/ptr.8170. (abstract)
- Bahari H, Ashtary-Larky D, Goudarzi K, et al.. The effects of pomegranate consumption on glycemic indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. PMID 38194826. DOI 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.102940. (abstract)
- Ghaemi F, Emadzadeh M, Atkin SL, et al.. Impact of pomegranate juice on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Phytother Res. 2023. PMID 37461211. DOI 10.1002/ptr.7952. (abstract)
- Ghaemi F, et al.. Pomegranate juice consumption and lipid profile: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2026. PMID 42153011. DOI 10.22038/ajp.2025.26398. (abstract)
- Jarvis S, Li C, Bogle RG.. Possible interaction between pomegranate juice and warfarin.. Emerg Med J. 2010. PMID 20029019. DOI 10.1136/emj.2007.055855. (abstract)
- Jazinaki MS, et al.. The effect of pomegranate juice supplementation on C-reactive protein levels: GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response updated meta-analysis.. Phytother Res. 2024. PMID 38553998. DOI 10.1002/ptr.8188. (abstract)
- Mansoor K, Bardees R, Alkhawaja B, et al.. Impact of Pomegranate Juice on the Pharmacokinetics of CYP3A4- and CYP2C9-Mediated Drugs Metabolism: A Preclinical and Clinical Review.. Molecules. 2023. PMID 36903363. DOI 10.3390/molecules28052117. (abstract)
- Norwood DA, Parke CK, Rappa LR.. A Comprehensive Review of Potential Warfarin-Fruit Interactions.. J Pharm Pract. 2015. PMID 25112306. DOI 10.1177/0897190014544823. (abstract)
- Pantuck AJ, Pettaway CA, Dreicer R, et al.. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of pomegranate extract on rising PSA levels in men following primary therapy for prostate cancer.. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2015. PMID 26169045. DOI 10.1038/pcan.2015.32. (abstract)
- Sahebkar A, Gurban C, Serban A, et al.. Effects of supplementation with pomegranate juice on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. Phytomedicine. 2016. PMID 26922037. DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.008. (abstract)
- Sahebkar A, et al.. Effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. Pharmacol Res. 2017. PMID 27888156. DOI 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.018. (abstract)
- Stenner-Liewen F, Liewen H, Cathomas R, et al.. Daily Pomegranate Intake Has No Impact on PSA Levels in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer - Results of a Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Trial.. J Cancer. 2013. PMID 24069070. DOI 10.7150/jca.7123. (abstract)
- . FDA: Grapefruit Juice and Some Drugs Don't Mix. . . (full-text)
- . FDA: What You Need to Know About Juice Safety. . . (full-text)
- . NCCIH: Pomegranate - Usefulness and Safety. . . (full-text)
- . NHS: 5 A DAY - what counts?. . . (full-text)
- . USDA FoodData Central: Pomegranate juice, bottled (SR Legacy, FDC 167787). . . (summary-only)
- . WHO: Healthy diet fact sheet. . . (full-text)
