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Evidence

23,295

trials · metas · refs

Plus 6,743 TCM formulas connecting herbs together

Subject Type: 🌿 Herbs ⚗️ Ingredients 📜 Formulas 🧬 Targets 🏥 Diseases

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⚗️ Ingredient

Silymarin

Open on HERB 2.0 ↗

Clinical Trials

Meta-Analyses

PubMed References

Top Conditions Studied with Silymarin

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 4 Hepatitis C 2 Melasma 2 HIV Infections|Hepatitis C 1 Breast Cancer|Peripheral Neuropathy|Cardiac Toxicities|Hepat 1 inflammation and oxidative stress 1 Hepatitis C|Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 1 Atrial Fibrillation New Onset 1 Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a combination of disorders 1 Hepatitis C, Chronic 1 b-thalassemia major, and the role of silymarin in patients o 1 Upper GI Cancer|Cisplatin Adverse Reaction 1

📋 Sample Trials

NCT01018615

Safety, Metabolism, and Antioxidant Activity of Silymarin and Green Tea Extract in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C

Completed · Phase 1

NCT01292161

Effects of Silybum Marianum on Treatment of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C

Completed · Phase 2

NCT03659058

Impact of Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Silymarin, Antioxidants and Colchicine on Fibrosis Regression in HCV After SVR

Completed

📊 Sample Meta-Analyses

CRD42020207994

The effects of silymarin administration on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

CRD42021267070

The efficacy of silymarin treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The NAFLD is a common chronic liver disease. It influences life health worldwide

CRD42022353487

Effects of silymarin on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a complex of metabolic abnormalitie

📚 Sample References

PMID 20964710

Melatonin or silymarin reduces maneb- and paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease phenotype in the mouse

J Pineal Res · 2011

PMID 20578796

Silymarin: a novel antioxidant with antiglycation and antiinflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo

Antioxid Redox Signal · 2011

PMID 33577847

Silymarin nanoliposomes attenuate renal injury on diabetic nephropathy rats via co-suppressing TGF-β/Smad and JAK2/STAT3/SOCS1 pathway

Life Sci · 2021

⚗️ All Ingredient data fields for Silymarin

⚗️ Identity

Name

Silymarin

Aliases / Synonyms

Silybin; 65666-07-1; Legalon; 84604-20-6; (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[(2R)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one; Silibin; 142796-20-1; 36804-17-8; Apihepar

🧪 Chemistry

Molecular Weight

482.4410

LogP

2.3627

Drug-likeness

0.374

H-Bond Acceptors

H-Bond Donors

Rotatable Bonds

🔬 Structures

Canonical SMILES

COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C(OC3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)C4C(C(=O)C5=C(C=C(C=C5O4)O)O)O)CO)O

Isomeric SMILES

COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C(OC3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)C4C(C(=O)C5=C(C=C(C=C5O4)O)O)O)CO)O

InChIKey

SEBFKMXJBCUCAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C25H22O10/c1-32-17-6-11(2-4-14(17)28)24-20(10-26)33-16-5-3-12(7-18(16)34-24)25-23(31)22(30)21-15(29)8-13(27)9-19(21)35-25/h2-9,20,23-29,31H,10H2,1H3

🔗 External References

HERB DB

HBIN044040 ↗

PubChem CID

5213 ↗

NPASS

NPC247525

SymMap

18310

TCMID

23141

TCM-ID

954

🔍 Raw view — every non-empty column on this row (30 fields)

name

Silymarin

common names

herb ingredient id

HBIN044040

canonical smiles

COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C(OC3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)C4C(C(=O)C5=C(C=C(C=C5O4)O)O)O)CO)O

isomeric smiles

COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C(OC3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)C4C(C(=O)C5=C(C=C(C=C5O4)O)O)O)CO)O

inchi

InChI=1S/C25H22O10/c1-32-17-6-11(2-4-14(17)28)24-20(10-26)33-16-5-3-12(7-18(16)34-24)25-23(31)22(30)21-15(29)8-13(27)9-19(21)35-25/h2-9,20,23-29,31H,10H2,1H3

inchikey

SEBFKMXJBCUCAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

mol wt

482.4410

num h acceptors

num h donors

mol logp

2.3627

num rotatable bonds

drug likeness

0.374

symmap mol id

18310

tcmid ingredient id

23141

tcm id ingredient id

954

pubchem cid

5213

npass id

NPC247525

🏥 Linked Health Topics

7 · studied for these conditions (text bridge)

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

syndrome

Hepatitis C, Chronic

syndrome

Atrial Fibrillation New Onset

syndrome

📋 Clinical Trials

12 · subject of clinical study

NCT01018615 Safety, Metabolism, and Antioxidant Activity of Silymarin and Green Tea Extract

→ Chronic Hepatitis C|Oxidative Stress

NCT01292161 Effects of Silybum Marianum on Treatment of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C

→ Hepatitis C

NCT03659058 Impact of Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Silymarin, Antioxidants and Colchicine on Fibros

→ Fibrosis, Liver

NCT03982849 Comparison of Topical Silymarin With Hydroquinone in the Treatment of Melasma

→ Melasma

NCT00030030 Evaluating Silymarin for Chronic Hepatitis C

→ Hepatitis C, Chronic

NCT00055718 Silymarin (Milk Thistle Extract) in Treating Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic L

→ Drug/Agent Toxicity by Tissue/Organ|Leukemia

NCT00389376 Phase I Trial of Silymarin for Chronic Liver Diseases

→ Hepatitis C|Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

NCT00412763 Efficacy of Silymarin for Acute Hepatitis

→ Hepatitis

NCT00680342 Phase II Trial of Silymarin for Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Who Have Faile

→ Chronic Hepatitis C

NCT00680407 Phase II Trial of Silymarin for Non-Cirrhotic Patients With Non-Alcoholic Steato

→ Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis

NCT01258686 Clinical Study With Silymarin in the Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Infection

→ Hepatitis C

NCT01752153 Immunomodulatory Effects of Silymarin in Patients With Beta-Thalassemia Major

→ Immune Abnormalities

📊 Meta-Analyses

11 · systematic review

CRD42020207994 The effects of silymarin administration on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemati

→ Metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes

CRD42021267070 The efficacy of silymarin treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non

→ The NAFLD is a common chronic liver disease. It in

CRD42022353487 Effects of silymarin on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A syste

→ The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a com

CRD42018088484 Effectiveness of silymarin for patients with beta-thalassemia major

→ Silymarin Silymarin for patients with beta-thalass

CRD42017071315 The therapeutic value of silymarin and conventional iron chelation therapy combi

→ b-thalassemia major, and the role of silymarin in

CRD42023421876 Effect of silymarin supplementation on liver, kidney and oxidative stress Marker

→ Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn), as a

CRD42023488215 Effect of silymarin supplementation on cardiovascular health: A GRADE-assessed s

→ Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a combination of

CRD42023462825 The effects of silymarin on inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic revi

→ inflammation and oxidative stress

CRD42023409111 Neuroprotective effects and possible mechanisms of Silymarin and its active ingr

CRD42023471412 Efficiency of silymarin on direct and indirect parameters of nonalcoholic fatty

→ non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

CRD42023420817 The effect of Silymarin (Milk Thistle) supplementation on the fatty liver: a sys

→ Liver function indices including Aspartate aminotr

📚 PubMed References

9 · cited research

PMID 20964710 Melatonin or silymarin reduces maneb- and paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease p

J Pineal Res

PMID 20578796 Silymarin: a novel antioxidant with antiglycation and antiinflammatory propertie

Antioxid Redox Signal

PMID 33577847 Silymarin nanoliposomes attenuate renal injury on diabetic nephropathy rats via

Life Sci

PMID 35056941 The Beneficial Additive Effect of Silymarin in Metformin Therapy of Liver Steato

Pharmaceutics

PMID 35154575 Effect of Silymarin as an Adjunct Therapy in Combination with Sofosbuvir and Rib

Oxid Med Cell Longev

PMID 35326098 The Symbiotic Effect of a New Nutraceutical with Yeast β-Glucan, Prebiotics, Min

Antioxidants (Basel)

PMID 35366745 Silymarin constrains diacetyl-prompted oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in

Inflammopharmacology

PMID 36087815 Silymarin prevents iron overload induced bone loss by inhibiting oxidative stres

Chem Biol Interact

PMID 36670959 Co-Treatments of Gardeniae Fructus and Silymarin Ameliorates Excessive Oxidative

Antioxidants (Basel)

How relationships are computed

Clinical Trials / Meta-Analyses / References: direct foreign-key link via subject_entity_id (Phase 2d wireup)
Formula ↔ Herbs: text bridge via formulas.herbs_in_pinyin matching herbs.pinyin_name
Herb ↔ Ingredient: empty — needs HERB_herb_ingredient import
Ingredient ↔ Target: empty — needs HERB_ingredient_target import
Target ↔ Disease: empty — needs HERB_target_disease import
Herb → Target → Disease (full chemical spine): awaiting Phase 2e link tables