Natural Psychedelics
Education and research information only. This area covers the history, cultural context, research findings, risks and legal differences of psychedelic plants and fungi. It gives no guidance on finding, growing, preparing, dosing or using them.
Some of these plants are sacred in living traditions, and some carry serious medical risks. Legal status differs by country.
Start here: What Are Natural Psychedelics? Classic and Atypical Psychoactive Substances
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Safety first
- These topics can involve legal restrictions, medicine interactions and serious health risks. Laws differ by country and change.
- Do not stop a prescribed medicine or delay care for a serious condition to try any of these.
- If someone may be poisoned or in a crisis, call emergency services first. See urgent help.
Overview
What this area covers
Natural psychedelics are substances from plants and fungi that can change mood, thoughts and perception. The US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) notes that many of them come from plants and fungi and that some have been used for thousands of years in traditional or religious rituals. [1] This area explains what they are, where they come from, what researchers have and have not shown, and where the risks and legal limits lie.How the pages are organized
- Introduction. What natural psychedelics are and the history and neuroscience.
- Plants and fungi. Separate guides to psilocybin mushrooms and truffles, peyote, San Pedro and mescaline, ayahuasca, iboga and ibogaine, salvia, yopo, morning glory and other plants and Amanita muscaria.
- Related herbs, culture and ethics. Kava, kratom, blue lotus and Indigenous traditions, ethics and conservation.
- Research, safety and law. Clinical trials and their limits, adverse effects, drug interactions and legal status by country.
Education only
These pages describe and explain. They do not give amounts for personal use, tell you how to find, grow, prepare or combine anything, help identify wild plants or mushrooms, or advise self-treatment. Where a risk is documented, we describe it factually. If you take any medicine or have a health condition, talk with a clinician first: talking with a health professional.Evidence labels
Each guide uses plain labels: approved medicine (a regulator has approved it for a stated use), established, promising but limited, mixed, insufficient evidence, preclinical (cells or animals only), no good evidence of benefit, evidence of harm and marketing claim. Where we looked and found nothing usable we write "Proper evidence not found" and say what we checked. Results in animals or cells are never presented as results in people.Safety and legal pointers
Psilocybin, psilocyn, mescaline, peyote, DMT and ibogaine are all named in the US federal list of Schedule I controlled substances, with a separate exemption for the Native American Church's use of peyote. [2][3] Laws differ by country and by US state, they change, and this is not legal advice. Several of these substances carry serious risks, including heart rhythm problems with ibogaine and dangerous interactions between ayahuasca and some medicines. For poisoning by a plant or mushroom, see poisoning: what to do first. In the US, Poison Help is 1-800-222-1222, and 911 is the emergency number.Explore Natural Psychedelics
Introduction(2)What natural psychedelics are, how they are classified and how history and neuroscience describe them.
- What Are Natural Psychedelics? Classic and Atypical Psychoactive Substances
What natural psychedelics are, how the words psychedelic and entheogen are used, and how classic psychedelics differ from other psychoactive substances such as ibogaine …
- Psychedelics: History and What Neuroscience Shows
A short history of psychedelic plants and fungi in human cultures and the 20th century, and what brain research does and does not show about how they work.
Plants & Fungi(6)Psilocybin mushrooms, cacti, ayahuasca and other documented plants and fungi, each in its cultural and botanical context.
- Psilocybin Mushrooms and Truffles: Psilocybin, Psilocin and What Is Known
What psilocybin and psilocin are, how Psilocybe mushrooms and magic truffles differ, what clinical trials show and do not show, and the health and legal risks.
- Peyote, San Pedro and Mescaline: Cultural Context, Research and Conservation
Peyote, San Pedro and mescaline: cultural context including the Native American Church, what research shows, conservation concerns, and the legal exemption for ceremonia…
- Ayahuasca and Amazonian Plants: Traditional Use, Botany and Safety
What ayahuasca is, the plants it is made from, its traditional use in the Amazon, what trials show, and the serious risk of serotonin syndrome when it meets other substa…
- Iboga and Ibogaine: Cultural History, Research and Cardiac Risks
Iboga and ibogaine: serious heart-rhythm risks and deaths first, then the Bwiti tradition of Central Africa, what limited research shows, and legal status.
- Salvia divinorum, Yopo, Ololiuqui, Morning Glory and Other Documented Plants
Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A, yopo, ololiuqui and morning glory seeds: traditional context, what the science shows, documented risks, and where the evidence is thin.
- Amanita muscaria, Muscimol and Ibotenic Acid: Toxicology and Poisoning Risks
Amanita muscaria (fly agaric), muscimol and ibotenic acid: poisoning symptoms, documented serious cases, FDA warnings on edibles, and why labels on gummies cannot be tru…
Cultural Context & Ethics(1)Indigenous and traditional use, knowledge stewardship, conservation and ethics.
- Indigenous Traditions, Ethics and Conservation in Psychedelic Plant Use
Indigenous traditions, history, ethnobotany, conservation and ethics around psychedelic plants and fungi, using community, legal and academic sources and leaving sacred …
Clinical Research(1)What trials and regulators have and have not established.
- Psychedelic Clinical Trials and Mental Health Research: Findings and Limits
What clinical trials of psilocybin and MDMA-assisted therapy have found for depression and PTSD, why blinding and expectancy limit them, and what regulators have decided…
Safety & Legal(3)Adverse effects, interactions, contraindications and how law differs by country.
- Psychedelic Adverse Effects and Contraindications
A factual overview of reported psychedelic side effects, frightening experiences, persisting perception problems and who trials excluded, based on NIDA, Cochrane and cli…
- Psychedelic Drug Interactions and Toxicology
What systematic reviews and case reports say about psychedelics with antidepressants, lithium and MAOIs such as ayahuasca, plus toxicity limits, contamination and eviden…
- Psychedelic Legal Status: How Law Differs by Country and Clinical vs Nonmedical Use
How law treats psilocybin and related substances in the places we could verify (US federal, Oregon, Colorado, Canada), the difference between clinical and nonmedical use…
Related Wellness Goals
Research connections
Our pages cite the studies and official sources behind each statement. For the underlying records, see the evidence page for this goal and the Research Library.
Specialty Topics Research and Evidence: How Much Research Exists and How to Read It Research Library Wellness Goals
Frequently asked questions
Are natural psychedelics safe because they come from plants or fungi?
Not automatically. NIDA says effects are hard to predict, can include fear, anxiety and risky behavior, and that some substances such as ibogaine have been linked to deaths. [1]
Can psychedelics treat depression or anxiety?
Research is active, with promising early trials, but results come from supervised settings with important limits. See the clinical trials guide. [4]
Are they legal?
It depends on the substance, the country and the state. In the US, several are federally Schedule I, and a few places have regulated programs. [2] This site states law only where we read the official source.
Is traditional or ceremonial use the same as recreational use?
No. Many traditions have their own rules, teachers and meanings, and some plants are sacred to specific peoples. See Indigenous traditions, ethics and conservation.
Where can I get help if someone is poisoned?
In the US, call Poison Help at 1-800-222-1222, or 911 for an emergency. For other countries see poison help by country.
Do you recommend any of these?
No. This is education, not medical advice, and we do not recommend using any of them.
References
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Psychedelic and Dissociative Drugs. Read 2026-10-22.
- US Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 1308.11 Schedule I. Read 2026-10-22.
- US Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 1307.31 Native American Church. Read 2026-10-22.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Psychedelic and Dissociative Drugs as Medicines. Read 2026-10-22.
Content last updated . This section has not been medically reviewed.